汉英口译分类词汇（08）--世贸组织词汇

　（补贴协议）可诉补贴 Actio nable subsidy

　（纺织品与服装、农产品）一体化进程

　In tegrati on process

　（服务贸易）境外消费

　Co nsumption abroad

　（服务贸易）跨境交付

　Cross border supply

　（服务贸易）商业存在Commercial presenee

　（服务贸易）自然人natural person

　（服务贸易）自然人流动 Presenee of natural pers on

　（解决争端）被诉方Defen da nt

　（解决争端）调查结果 Fin di ngs

　（解决争端）上诉Appeal

　（解决争端）申诉方Complaint

　（利益的）丧失和减损 Nullification and impairme nt

　（农产品）国内支持 Domestic support

　（农产品）综合支持量

　AMS （Aggregate

　Measureme nt of Support）

　（农产品国内支持）黄箱措施 Amber Box

　measures

　（农产品国内支持）蓝箱措施

　BOP（Bala nce-of-payme nts） Provisi ons

　（农产品国内支持）绿箱措施

　Green Box measures

　（农业）多功能性

　Multifunctionality

　（欧盟）共同农业政策

　Com mon Agriculture

　Policy

　（争端解决）专家组Panel

　（知识产权）地理标识

　Geographical

　in dicati ons

　《巴黎公约》（关于保护工业知识产权的公

　约）Paris Conven ti on

　《巴塞尔公约》（有关危险废弃物的多边环

　境协定）Basel Con ve ntion

　《北美自由贸易协定》

　NAFTA （North

　America n Free Trade Agreeme nt）

　《濒危物种国际贸易公约》

　Co nven tion on

　Intern ati onal Trade in Endan gered Species

　《伯尔尼公约》（有关保护文学和艺术作品 版权的公约)Ber ne Con ve ntion

　《多种纤维协定》

　MFA (Multifibre

　Agreeme nt)

　《纺织品与服装协议》

　ATC (Agreeme nt on

　Textiles and Clothi ng)

　《服务贸易总协定》

　GATS (Ge neral

　Agreeme nt on Trade in Services)

　《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》

　DSU(Un dersta nding on Rules and Procedures

　Gover ning the Settleme nt of Disputes)

　《京都议定书》

　Kyoto Protocol

　《里斯本条约》(有关地理标识及其国际注 册) Lisbon Agreement

　《蒙特利尔议定书》(有关保护大气臭氧层

　的多边环境协定)Mo ntreal Protocol

　《农产品协议》特殊保障

　SSG (Special

　Safeguard)

　《农业协议》中关于反补贴的和平条款

　Peace clause

　《生物多样性公约》

　CBD(Co nven tion on

　Biological Diversity)

　《信息技术协议》

　ITA (In formation

　Tech no logy Agreeme nt)

　WTO最不发达国家高级别会议

　HLM (WTO

　High-level Meeting for LDCs)

　北美自由贸易区

　NAFTA (North America n

　Free Trade Area)

　采取措施后Ex post

　采取措施前Ex ante

　产品生命周期分析

　LCA (Life Cycle

　An alysis)

　岀口补贴 Export subsidy

　岀口实绩 Export performanee 垂直兼并 vertical merger 当地含量 Local content

　电子商务 Electro nic Commerce

　东部和南部非洲共同市场

　COMESA

　(Com mon Market for Easter n and Souther n Africa)

　东盟自由贸易区 ASEAN Free Trade Area 动植物卫生检疫措施 SPS (Sa nitary and Phytosa nitary Stan dard )

　反补贴税 Countervailing duty

　反倾销措施 an ti-dump ing measures

　aga in st …

　反向通矢知 Coun ter -no tificati on

　非配额产品 quota-free products

　非生产性投资

　investment in non-productive

　projects

　非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团(洛美协

　定)ACP(African, Caribbean and Pacific

　Group)

　风险管理 /评估 risk management/ assessment 关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前身

　GATT

　(Gen eral Agreeme nt on Tariffs and Trade)

　规避 Circumvention

　国际标准化组织 ISO (In ternatio nal

　Orga ni zati on for Stan dardizati on)

　国际纺织品服装局

　ITCB (In ternatio nal

　Textile and Clothi ng Bureau)

　国际货币基金组织

　IMF (In ter natio nal

　Mon etary Fund)

　国际劳工组织 ILO (In ter natio nal Labor

　Organi zati on)

　国际贸易中心 ITC (In ter natio nal Trade

　Ce nter)

　国际贸易组织 ITO (In ternatio nal Trade

　Organi zati on)

　国际贸易组织临时委员会

　ICITO (In terim

　Commissio n for the Intern ati onal Trade

　Organi zati on)

　国际清算 intern ati onal settleme nt

　国际收支 bala nee of i nternatio nal payme nts/ bala nee of payme nt

　国际收支条款 BOP(Bala nce-of-payme nts)

　Provisi ons

　国际兽疫组织 In ternatio nal Office of

　Epizootics

　国民待遇 National treatment 国内补贴 Domestic subsidy 国内生产 Domestic production 海关估价 Customs valuation 海关完税价值 Customs value 横向兼并 horiz on tal merger 环保型技术 EST(E nviro nmen tally-sou nd tech no logy) 灰色区域措施 Grey area measures 货币留成制度 Curre ncy rete nti on scheme 货币贸易理事会

　CTG(Cou ncil for Trade in

　Goods) 基础税率 Base tariff level 既定日程 Built-in agenda 交叉报复 Cross retaliation 进口差价税 Import variable duties 进口附加税 Import surcharge 进口环节税 import lin kage tax 进口渗透 Import penetration 进口替代 Import substitution 进口许可 Import licensing 进口押金 Import deposits 经济合作与发展组织

　OECD (Orga ni zatio n

　for Econo mic Cooperati on and Developme nt) 垃圾融资 junk financing 联合国环境署 UNEP (Un ited Natio ns En vir onment Program) 联合国开发计划署

　UNDP (Un ited Natio ns

　Developme nt Program) 联合国粮农组织

　FAO (Food and Agriculture

　Organization of the United States) 联合国贸易与发展会议

　UNCTAD (Un ited

　Nati ons Con fere nee on Trade and Developme nt) 粮食安全Food security 慢性萧条 chr onic depressi on

　贸易和投资自由化和便利化

　TILF (Trade

　and In vestme nt Liberalizati on and

　Facilitati on)

　贸易与发展委员会

　Committee on Trade and

　Developme nt

　贸易与环境委员会

　Committee on Trade and

　En vir onment

　模式 Modalities

　南方共同市场(或称南锥体共同市场)

　MERCOSUR (Southern Com mon Market) 南亚区域合作联盟 SAARC (South Asian

　Associati on for Regi onal cooperati on)

　欧洲自由贸易联盟

　EFTA (European Free

　Trade Associati on)

　配额调整条款 modulation of quota clause

　瓶颈制约'bottleneck' restrictions

　全球配额 global quota

　上诉机构Appeal body

　申报制度 report ing system; in come

　declarati on system

　生产补贴 Production subsidy

　实行国民待遇 gra nt the n ati onal treatme nt to 实质损害 Material injury

　食品法典委员会

　CAC(Codex Alime ntaries

　Commissi on)

　世界海关组织 WCO (World Customs

　Organi zati on)

　世界贸易组织 WTO (World Trade

　Organi zati on)

　世界知识产权组织

　WIPO (World In tellectual

　Property Organi zati on)

　市场准人的行政管理措施

　AAMA

　(Admi nistrative Aspects of Market Access)

　市场准入Market access

　通知义务 Notification obligation

　同类产品 Like product

　乌拉圭回合 Uruguay Rou nd

　消费膨胀 in flated con sumpti on

　协调制度(商品名称及编码协调制度)

　HS

　(Harm oni zed Commodity and Codi ng System) 新议题 New issues

　许可费 Lice nse fee

　有秩序的市场安排

　Orderly market

　arra ngeme nts 约束水平Bound level

　争端解决机构 Dispute Settleme nt Body 政府采购 Gover nment procureme nt 知识产权 IPRs (Intellectual property rights) 直接支付 Direct payment 诸边协议 Plurilateral agreeme nt 专门的营销机构 Market boards 转基因生物 GMOs (Ge netically Modified Orga nisms) 祖父条款 gra ndfather clause 最不发达国家 LDCs (Least-developed cou ntries) 最初谈判权(初谈权)INRs (Initial Negotiat ing Rights)

　最惠国待遇(现通常称’正常贸易关系’)MFN

　(most-favored-nation) treatment 最惠国贸易地位(待遇)MFN (Most-favored- natio n)(Treatme nt)

　WTO术语英文解释

　General

　GATT — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which has been superseded as an international organization by the WTO. An updated General Agreement is now one of the WTO

　April 1994.

　Tariffs

　s agreements. free-rider — A casual term used to infer that abinding, bound — see “ tariff binding ” electronic commerce

　s agreements. free-rider — A casual term used to infer that a

　GATT 1947 — The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT.

　GATT 1994 — The new version of the General Agreement, incorporated into the WTO, which governs trade in goods.

　Members — WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style).

　MFN — Most-favoured-nation treatment (GATT Article I, GATS Article II and TRIPS Article 4), the principle of not discriminating between one trading partners.national treatment ——The principle of giving others the same treatment as one nationals.

　GATT Article III requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. GATS Article XVII and TRIPS Article 3 also deal with national treatment for services and intellectual property protection. TPRB, TPRM — The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under special procedures for meetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO members under the Trade

　Policy Review Mechanism. transparency — Degree to which trade policies and practices, and the process by which they are established, are open and predictable.

　Uruguay Round ——Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993. Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in country which does not make any trade concessions, profits, nonetheless, from tariff cuts and concessions made by other countries in negotiations under the most-favoured-nation principle.

　Harmonized System — An international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis. Beyond the six digit level, countries are free to introduce national sctiswimctions for tariffs and many other purposes.

　ITA — Information Technology Agreement, or formally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, under which participants will remove tariffs on IT products by the year 2000.

　ITA II — Negotiations aimed at expanding ITA product coverage.

　nuisance tariff ——Tariff so low that it costs the government more to collect it than the revenue it generates.

　schedule of concessions — List of bound tariff rates.

　tariff binding — Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties.

　tariff escalation ——Higher import duties on semi-processed products than on raw materials, and higher still on finished products. This practice protects domestic processing industries and discourages the development of processing activity in the countries where raw materials originate. tariff peaks ——Relatively high tariffs, usually on

　“ sensitive ” products, amidst generally low tariff levels. For industrialized countries, tariffs of 15% and above are generally recognized as “tariff peaks ”.

　tariffs ——Customs duties on merchandise imports. Levied either on an ad valorem basis (percentage of value) or on a specific basis (e.g. $7 per 100 kgs.). Tariffs give price advantage to similar locally-produced goods and raise revenues for the government.

　WCO — World Customs Organization, a multilateral body located in Brussels through which participating countries seek to simplify and rationalize customs procedures.

　Non-tariff measures anti-dumping duties ——Article VI of the GATT 1994 permits the imposition of anti-dumping duties against dumped goods, equal to the difference between their export price and their normal value, if dumping causes injury to producers of competing products in the importing country.

　circumvention — Measures taken by exporters to evade anti-dumping or countervailing duties. countervailing measures — Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country.

　dumping — Occurs when goods are exported at a price less than their normal value, generally meaning they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third-country markets, or at less than production cost.

　NTMs — Non-tariff measures such as quotas, import licensing systems, sanitary regulations, prohibitions, etc.

　price undertaking — Undertaking by an exporter to raise the export price of the product to avoid the possibility of an anti-dumping duty.

　PSI — Preshipment inspection — the practice of employing specialized private companies to check shipment details of goods ordered overseas — i.e. price, quantity, quality, etc.

　QRs — Quantitative restrictions — specific limits on the quantity or value of goods that can be imported (or exported) during a specific time period. rules of origin ——Laws, regulations and administrative procedures which determine a product 'country of origin. A decision by a customs authority on origin can determine whether a shipment falls within a quota limitation, qualifies for a tariff preference or is affected by an anti-dumping duty. These rules can vary from country to country.

　safeguard measures— Action taken to protect a specific industry from an unexpected build-up of imports — governed by Article XIX of the GATT 1994.

　subsidy — There are two general types of subsidies: export and domestic. An export subsidy is a benefit conferred on a firm by the government that is contingent on exports. A domestic subsidy is a benefit not directly linked to exports.

　tariffication — Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access provision in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs. trade facilitation — Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures).

　VRA, VER, OMA — Voluntary restraint arrangement, voluntary export restraint, orderly marketing arrangement. Bilateral arrangements whereby an exporting country (government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict exports without the importing country having to make use of quotas, tariffs or other import controls.

　Textiles and clothing

　ATC — The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing which integrates trade in this sector back to GATT rules within a ten-year period.

　carry forward — When an exporting country uses part of the following year

　' s quota during the

　current year.

　carry over — When an exporting country utilizes the previous year ' s unutilized quota. circumvention — Avoiding quotas and other restrictions by altering the country of origin of a product.

　CTG — Council for Trade in Goods — oversees WTO agreements on goods, including the ATC. integration programme — The phasing out of MFA restrictions in four stages starting on 1 January

　1995 and ending on 1 January 2005.

　ITCB — International Textiles and Clothing

　Bureau — Geneva-based group of some 20 developing country exporters of textiles and clothing.

　MFA — Multifibre Arrangement (1974-94) under which countries whose markets are disrupted by increased imports of textiles and clothing from another country were able to negotiate quota restrictions.

　swing — When an exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product.

　TMB ——The Textiles Monitoring Body, consisting

　of a chairman plus ten members acting in a personal capacity, oversees the implementation of ATC commitments.

　transitional safeguard mechanism — Allows members to impose restrictions against individual exporting countries if the importing country can show that both overall imports of a product and imports from the individual countries are entering the country in such increased quantities as to cause — or threaten — serious damage to the relevant domestic industry.

　Agriculture/SPS

　Agenda 2000 — EC s financial reform plans for 2000 -06 aimed at strengthening the union with a view to receiving new members. Includes reform of the CAP (see below).

　border protection — Any measure which acts to restrain imports at point of entry.

　BSE — Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or

　“ mad cow disease ”.

　box — Category of domestic support. — Green box: supports considered not to distort trade and therefore permitted with no limits. — Blue box: permitted supports linked to production, but subject to production limits and therefore minimally trade-distorting. — Amber box: supports considered to distort trade and therefore subject to reduction commitments.

　Cairns Group ——Group of agricultural exporting nations lobbying for agricultural trade liberalization.

　It was formed in 1986 in Cairns, Australia just before the beginning of the Uruguay Round. Current membership: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Uruguay.

　CAP — Common Agricultural Policy — The EU' s comprehensive system of production targets and marketing mechanisms designed to manage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world.

　Codex Alimentarius — FAO/WHO commission that deals with international standards on food safety.

　distortion — When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a competitive market.

　deficiency payment — Paid by governments to producers of certain commodities and based on the difference between a target price and the domestic market price or loan rate, whichever is the less. EEP — Export enhancement programme — programme of US export subsidies given generally to compete with subsidized agricultural exports from the EU on certain export markets.

　food security — Concept which discourages opening the domestic market to foreign agricultural products on the principle that a country must be as self-sufficient as possible for its basic dietary needs.

　internal support — Encompasses any measure which acts to maintain producer prices at levels above those prevailing in international trade; direct payments to producers, including deficiency payments, and input and marketing cost reduction measures available only for agricultural production. International Office of Epizootics — Deals with international standards concerning animal health. multifunctionality ——Idea that agriculture has many functions in addition to producing food and fibre, e.g. environmental protection, landscape preservation, rural employment, etc. See non-trade concerns.

　non-trade concerns ——Similar to multifunctionality. The preamble of the Agriculture Agreement specifies food security and environmental protection as examples. Also cited by members are rural development and employment, and poverty alleviation.

　peace clause— Provision in Article 13 of the Agriculture Agreement says agricultural subsidies committed under the agreement cannot be challenged under other WTO agreements, in particular the Subsidies Agreement and GATT. Expires at the end of 2003.

　reform process/program — The Uruguay Round Agriculture Agreement starts a reform process. It sets out a first step, in the process, i.e. a program for reducing subsidies and protection and other reforms. Current negotiations launched under Article 20 are for continuing the reform process. SPS regulations — Sanitary and Phytosanitary regulations — government standards to protect human, animal and plant life and health, to help ensure that food is safe for consumption. variable levy ——Customs duty rate which varies in response to domestic price criterion.

　Intellectual property

　Berne Convention — Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works.

　CBD — Convention on Biological Diversity. compulsory licensing — For patents: when the authorities license companies or individuals other than the patent owner to use the rights of the patent —to make, use, sell or import a product under patent (i.e. a patented product or a product made by a patented process)— without the permission of the patent owner. Allowed under the TRIPS Agreement provided certain procedures and conditions are fulfilled. See also government use. counterfeit ——Unauthorized representation of a registered trademark carried on goods identical or similar to goods for which the trademark is registered, with a view to deceiving the purchaser into believing that he/she is buying the original goods.

　exhaustion ——The principle that once a product has been sold on a market, the intellectual property owner no longer has any rights over it. (A debate among WTO member governments is whether this applies to products put on the market under compulsory licences.) Countries

　' laws vary as to

　whether the right continues to be exhausted if the

　product is imported from one market into another, which affects the owner protected product. See also parallel imports. geographical indications — Place names (or words associated with a place) used to identify products (for example,

　“ Champagne’ ,

　“ Tequila ” or

　“ Roquefort ” ) which have a particular quality, reputation or other characteristic because they come from that place government use — For patents: when the government itself uses or authorizes other persons to use the rights over a patented product or process, for government purposes, without the permission of the patent owner. See also compulsory licensing. intellectual property rights — Ownership of ideas, including literary and artistic works (protected by copyright), inventions (protected by patents), signs for distinguishing goods of an enterprise (protected by trademarks) and other elements of industrial property.

　IPRs — Intellectual property rights.

　Lisbon Agreement — Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of geographical indications and their international registration. Madrid Agreement — Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the repression of false or deceptive indications of source on goods.

　mailbox — Refers to the requirement of the TRIPS Agreement applying to WTO members which do not yet provide product patent protection for pharmaceuticals and for agricultural chemicals. Since 1 January 1995, when the WTO agreements entered into force, these countries have to establish a means by which applications of patents for these products can be filed. (An additional requirement says they must also put in place a system for granting “ exclusive marketing rights products whose patent applications have been f