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【《溪山琴况》美学内涵及英文意解论文】美学的内涵

2019-12-03 07:37:31

内容摘要:明末著名琴家徐上瀛所著的《溪山琴况》是对古琴音乐美学的总结,他是在明代琴论家冷谦《琴声十六法》的基础上,提出了二十四况,并且用二十四个汉字进行高度概括。本文通过分析《溪山琴况》中对每一况的文字说明,总结出其所代表的有关古琴音乐美学观点、审美意境及演奏技法的文化内涵,并用英文准确表达这些内涵。

关键词:琴论 文化内涵 美学观点 审美意境

一曰和(ethical;harmonious;plain;natural;controlled)

和在二十四况中处于首位,而且和的内涵几乎涵盖了所有二十四况,其所首重者和也。在对和况的说明中,作者首先讲到:稽首至圣心通造化,德协神人,理一身之性情,以理天下人之性情,这说明和受到了儒家中和思想的影响。《中庸》中说发而皆中节,谓之和,所以和首先指出古琴音乐应该是合乎礼仪道德的(ethical),是禁止淫邪,正人心的(forbidding people to have any lewd and vicious idea),而且是乐以修德的(Music is used to cultivate ones virtue.)。众音之款会,优柔平中则说明和应该是中庸的(according with the doctrine of mean)、和谐的(harmonious)。论和以散和为上,按和为次则强调和是不加雕琢的(plain)、自然的(natural)。弦与指和、指与音和、音与意和则说明和应是有节制的(controlled)。音从意转,意先乎音,音随乎意则强调意念(idea)与弹奏(plucking)应该紧密结合,而意念应神闲气静(carefree and peaceful)、蔼然醉心(calm and intoxicated)。

不以性情中和相遇,而以为是技也,所以和强调演奏古琴不能仅仅注意演奏技巧,还应考虑演奏者的道德修养(morality)、心理状态(psychological condition)、审美情趣(aesthetic taste)都能达到良好的状况。

二曰静(quietness;calm)

静首先是指声音的安静(quietness),声厉则知指躁,声粗则知指浊;其次是指心理的平静(calm),淡泊宁静,心无尘翳。而求静的方法则在于调气练指。调气就是调整心理状态(to adjust the psychological condition),使其达到淡泊宁静心无尘翳;练指就是控制手指(to control the fingers),避免弹出粗厉之声(the rough and disagreeable sound)。所以调气则神自静,练指则声自静。

三曰清(clear and melodious;pure)

指求其劲,按求其实,则清音始出不染纤毫浊气,傍弦绝无客声,这两句说明清是指一种清脆(clear and melodious)纯净(pure)的音色,与暗淡柔和(faint)的音色相反。究夫曲调之清,则最忌连连弹去,亟亟求完则说明清与静一样,也要求演奏者要从容婉转(leisurely and agreeable),要有控制(controlled)。另一方面,文中还指出清者,大雅之原本(Qing is the origin of elegance),要求演奏者在演奏时,必须作到地僻(Music should be played in a secluded place.)弦洁(Music must be pure.)心静(The player must be calm.)气肃(The attitude of the player must be earnest.),使欣赏者能够联想到澄然秋潭(The music reminds the audiences of the deep pool in autumn)皎然寒月(and the moon in winter.),而且令人心骨俱冷,体气欲仙(The audiences are drunk in music so much that they want to transcend the worldly and become the celestial beings.)。

四曰远(remote;imaginative)

时为岑静也,若游峨眉之雪,时为流逝也,若在洞庭之波,所以远的含义应是悠远(remote)具有幻想性(imaginative)的境界。远以神行至于神游气化,而意之所之玄而又玄,这两句说明求远的主要方法是利用想象(imagination),即让思想进入神游(minds travel)状态,使演奏与想象相结合,在想象中演奏(to play in ones imagination),或在演奏中想象(to imagine in ones playing)。同时,想象的范围应限制在自然的山水中(mountains and rivers in nature),若游峨眉之雪,若在洞庭之波,这样就能使音乐达到一种悠远的境界。所以求之弦中如不足,得之弦外则有余。

五曰古(primitive and plain;primitive and elegant)

然粗率疑于古朴而古雅自见,这两句说明古的含义是古朴(primitive and plain)古雅(primitive and elegant)的音乐风格,与时调(the fashionable tune)相对。时调的特点是声争而媚耳(The tune seduces people with its noisiness),疾速(rapid);古的特点是音澹而会心(a plain music but it can move people)延缓(slow)。同时作者还强调粗率(being rough and careless)疏慵(to play the music slowly and without emotion)似疑于古,而实病于古,所以必融其粗率,振其疏慵。最后,作者还进一步说明古的意境就是宛在深山空邃谷,老木寒泉,风声簌簌,令人有遗世独立之思(The music makes people feel as ifin the high mountain and deep valley and see the old woods, touch the icy spring, hear the blowing of the wind and feel like flying away from the worldly.)。

六曰澹(plain;elegant;unsophistic-ated)

澹是一种淡泊(not to seek fame and wealth)平淡(plain)孤高岑寂(to have a too high taste to be understood by others)的审美情趣。这种审美情趣有三种含义:一是不入歌舞场中不杂丝竹伴内,即不能用来作为娱乐工具(a means for entertainment);二是祛邪而存正,黜俗而归雅,舍媚而还淳,即它应是正统的(decent)高雅的(elegant)淳朴的(unsophisticated);三是山居深静绝去炎嚣焚香静对,即它应是清高孤傲(aloof from political and material pursuits)不媚俗(not vulgar)的。

七曰恬(pleasing)

恬也是一种审美情趣,这种审美情趣是以恬这种气味来形容的。操至妙来则可澹,澹至妙来则生恬,所以恬应是弹琴达到一种境界后自然产生的愉悦感(pleasing)。但是这种境界应是兴到而不自纵,气到而不自豪。情到而不自扰,意到而不自浓,它让人产生的感觉是不味而味(The music has no taste but feels like tasty.)不馥而馥( The music has no fragrance but feels like fragrant.)。就像水中之乳泉(the sweetest water)蕊中之兰(the most fragrant flower)。

八曰逸(free from vulgarity;elegant;moral)

逸在这里指的是演奏者的品德与修养。有一种安闲自如之景象,尽显潇洒不群之天趣,所以逸有脱俗的(free from vulgarity)高雅的(elegant)有德行的(moral)等含义;其人必具超逸之品,故自发超逸之音(The man who can play the music transcending the worldly must have the morality free from the material pursuit. ),演奏者的品德与修养对其演奏音乐的好坏具有重要作用,所以必须先养其度,而次养其指(to cultivate the players morality before practicing his skills in playing)。

九曰雅(elegant)

雅指的是一种高雅的(elegant)风格,当演奏者的个人修养、仪态、心理都达到理想状态,能够体会到静远淡逸四字时,就能达到高雅的境界。这种高雅并不仅仅是指音乐,它还应该包括演奏者的个人修养、品德、心理、仪态以及自然环境所产生的综合效果,所以雅是古琴音乐文化的总体概括。

一十曰丽(beautiful; sweet and elegant; impressing)

丽者,美也,丽在这里指的是一种美丽的(beautiful)音乐风格,这种美丽风格是由清静(quiet)古淡(primitive and plain)的音乐中产生的,不是从妖冶(seductive)媚俗(obsequious)的音乐中产生的。而且,这种音乐必须音韵高雅(sweet and elegant music)指法隽秀(beautiful fingering),要能感人之心(impressing),而不能是繁声促调(a quick and confused music)。

一十一曰亮(pight;clear and melodious;transparent;penetrating)

亮指的是明亮(pight)清脆(clear and melodious)透明(transparent)有穿透力(penetrating)的一种音色,就像金石之声(the sound made by metal and stone)。这种音色唯在沉细之际而更能发其光明,它能让听者产生弦声断而意不断(The music stops while its echoes linger.)的感觉。

一十二曰采(splendid)

采也是指音色,清以生亮,亮以生采,当古琴达到清和亮的要求后,就会产生有光彩的(splendid)音色。但这种光彩不是指绚丽多彩(dazzling),而是像商彝周鼎所特有的那种暗然之光,是古琴独有的古雅的(unique and elegant splendor)音色。演奏者要想得到这种音色,不但要指下有神气(to have inspiration when playing),要经岁锻炼(to have a long time of practice),而且要究心音义(to explore and understand the musics deep meaning)。

一十三曰洁(pure;without embellish-ment;simple)

洁包含两方面的内容,首先修指严净,邪滓不留,即弹琴时下指要干净(pure)不加修饰(without embellishment);其次取音欲希,音趣欲永,即取音要简洁(simple)。清虚为体,素质为用则更进一步说明洁的境界应是清静(peaceful and quiet)空灵(void and inspired)简洁(simple)朴素(plain)。

一十四曰润(gentle and moist;pure;shining)

盖润者,纯也,所以发纯粹光泽之气也,这一句说明润指的是一种温润(gentle and moist)单纯(pure)有光泽(shining)的音色。若手指任其浮躁,则繁响必杂,上下往来音节则俱不成其美矣左芟其荆棘,右熔其暴甲,这两句则说明要想追求润的音色,就必须下指不能浮躁(impetuous),声音不能繁杂(involved),右手弹琴要温和(gentle),左手上下按弦要顺畅(smooth)。

一十五曰圆(perfect)

不多不少,以至恰好,谓之圆,所以圆的含义应是圆满(perfect)。这种圆满首先指的是音准(pitch),不足则音亏缺,太过则音支离;其次指力度(dynamics),欲轻而得其所以轻,欲重而得其所以重。另外一弹一按一转一折之间亦自有圆音在焉,所以圆的含义还体现在一弹一按一转一折都要恰到好处(just right)。

一十六曰坚(strong, clear and melo-dious)

按弦如入木,形其坚而实也,坚指的是弹琴时下指要坚实(strong),弹出的声音要清脆(clear and melodious),清响如击金石(a clear sound as if produced by striking the metal and stone)。但是下指的坚实并不是指用力地弹琴,而是要坚以劲和(to use proper dynamics),用力不觉(to use the strength unintentionally)。

一十七曰宏(grandness)

猱、绰之用必极其宏大,所以宏的含义是宏大(grandness)大气魄(a grand peadth of spirit)的一种境界。而要达到这种境界,不但需要具有冲和闲雅之度(a leisurely and elegant bearing),而且要纵指自如(to move the fingers freely and smoothly);同时宏大和细小不可偏废(not to emphasize one at the expense of another),必须互相对比(to compare properly),合理利用(to use properly)。

一十八曰细(meticulous)

演奏古琴时,节奏一般是自由的,没有从一而终的节奏型。音有细渺处,乃在节奏间,所以细(meticulous)首先指的是节奏变化的细微(the delicacy of the change of rhythm),也就是节奏变化章句转折需要经过细致的处理(to play the music meticulously),始而起调先应和缓,转而游衍渐欲入微,到章句转折时,尤不可草草放过。意存幽邃之中,定将一段情绪缓缓掂出则说明,细还指的是乐曲所表达情感的细腻(the exquisiteness of feeling)。而昌黎诗的引用则说明宏细互用之意(the grandness and the delicacy can agree),指出宏细的对比就像是昵昵儿女语(the sweet talk between the lovers)和轩昂赴战场(the dignified feeling of going to the battlefield)的不同情感体验的对比。

一十九曰溜(smooth;without slugg-ishness)

溜者,滑也,左手洽涩之法也,所以溜指的是左手的演奏技巧,即当左手吟、猱、绰、注时手指应润滑(smooth)无滞(without sluggishness),而要想达到润滑、无滞,则不能按弦虚浮(to press the strings too gently)或着重滞(or too heavily),而只有指节炼至坚实(strong)极其灵活(extremely dexterous)动必神速(to move with a great speed),才能吟、猱、绰、注之间当若泉之滚滚,而往来上下之际更如风之发发。

二十曰键(energetic;strong)

从容闲雅中刚健其指运键于坚说明,健的含义是刚健(energetic)坚实(strong),用刚健、坚实的手指弹出清冽之响(clear sound)活泼之音(lively sound),这样就不会使冲和之调(a leisurely and harmonious melody)之中包含有疏慵之病(faults of carelessness and without emotion)。

二十一曰轻(gentle)

轻和重指的是弹琴的力度和乐曲的音量,意思是轻柔的(gentle)。这种轻和重的变化可以使中和之音(a mild sound)变得更有趣味(interesting),而轻的力度和音量则可以体曲之意(to feel and understand the artistic conception in the music)悉曲之情(to feel and understand the emotion in the music)。但是轻和重也要合(to agree),即轻要不浮(not superficial)不晦(not gloomy),重则不煞(not excessive),必须清实中得之,这样的轻重才能符合中和之音的要求。

二十二曰重(powerful)

轻属于幽情,重者乃由乎气气至而重;所以较重的力度和音量,可以表达较强烈的情感和意志,但是和轻一样,重(strong)也不能太过分,应该重抵轻出(to use powerful strength to produce gentle and lively tune)用力不觉(to use the strength unintentionally),使音乐变得高朗纯粹(clear, pight and pure)宣扬和畅(melodious and smooth),而不能使音乐产生杀伐之响(to produce the sound just like the sound produced in fighting in a battle)刚暴之声(to use the strength too heavily and produce some excessive strong sound)。

二十三曰迟(slow)

迟在这里指的是缓慢的(slow),它包含两层含义,首先是要求弹琴时不能忙忙连下(too fast),而应先肃其气(to make the player be serious)澄其心(to purify the players mind)缓其度(to play the music leisurely)远其神(to make the player lofty)从万籁俱寂中,泠然音生;其次是弹琴要章句舒徐(The melody should be produced leisurely.)缓急相间(to alternate with slowness and quickness)断而复续(intermittently)。

文中还阐述了迟趣和希声之寓境的关系。迟趣指的是关于迟的审美情趣和意境,它和道教所主张的希声之寓境是一样的,就好像山静秋鸣(birds singing in the quiet mountain in autumn)月高林表(the dense forest in the moonlight)松风远拂(the sound of wind blowing the pines from a distance)石涧流寒(the cold water flowing from the gully)。

二十四曰速(quickness;rapidness; swiftness)

速指的是快速的(quickness)急速的(rapidness),文中将速分为小速和大速两种。小速微快(swiftness),要求指不伤速中之雅度(to play the music quickly and elegantly),就像行云流水(natural and smooth just like floating cloud and flowing water);大速贵急(rapidness),要求依然安闲之气象(to use a fast speed to play the music which pings people the feeling of relaxation),就像崩崖飞瀑之声(the sound produced by the crack of the mountain and the falling of the falls)。

文中还阐述了迟和速的关系:首先迟和速是紧密相连的,有迟则有速(without the leisureliness, the rapidness will be meaningless.),其次是迟所得到的音乐是为正音( conventional sound),速所得到的音乐是为奇音( marvelous sound),而弹琴要求的是正音备而奇音不可偏废(Neither of conventional sound and marvelous sound should be overemphasized at the expense of another.)。

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