汉字译文

　单片机

　单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常见英文字母缩写MCU表示单片机，它最早是被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU专用 处理器发展而来。最早设计理念是经过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更轻易集成进复杂而对体积要求严格控制设备当中。INTELZ80是最早根据这种思想设计出处理器，以后以后，单片机和专用处理器发展便分道扬镳。

　早期单片机全部是8位或4位。其中最成功是INTEL8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错取得了很大好评。以后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。伴随工业控制领域要求提升，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛应用。90年代后伴随消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提升。伴随INTEL i960系列尤其是以后ARM系列广泛应用，32位单片机快速替换16位单片机高端地位，而且进入主流市场。而传统8位单片机性能也得到了飞速提升，处理能力比起80年代提升了数百倍。现在，高端32位单片机主频已经超出300MHz，性能直追90年代中期专用处理器，而一般型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端[1]型号也只有10美元。现代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机关键处理高端单片机甚至能够直接使用专用Windows和Linux操作系统。

　单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于 嵌入式系统，所以它得到了最多应用。实际上单片机是世界上数量最多 计算机。现代人类生活中所用几乎每件电子和机械产品中全部会集成有单片机。手机、电话、 计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、 掌上电脑和鼠标等电脑配件中全部配有1-2部单片机。而个人电脑中也会有为数不少单片机在工作。汽车上通常配置40多部单片机，复杂工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作！单片机数量不仅远超出PC机和其它计算总和，甚至比人类数量还要多。

　单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功效芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。相当于一个微型计算机，和计算机相比，单片机只缺乏了I/O设备。概括讲：一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它体积小、质量轻、价格廉价、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时，学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理和结构最好选择。

　单片机内部也用和电脑功效类似模块，比如CPU，内存，并行总线，还有和硬盘作用相同 存放器件，不一样是它这些部件性能全部相对我们家用电脑弱很多，不过价钱也是低，通常不超出10元即可......用它来做部分控制电器一类不是很复杂工作足矣了。我们现在用全自动滚筒洗衣机、排烟罩、VCD等等家电里面全部能够看到它身影！......它关键是作为控制部分关键部件。

　它是一个在线式实时控制计算机，在线式就是现场控制，需要是有较强抗干扰能力，较低成本，这也是和离线式计算机（比如家用PC）关键区分。

　单片机芯片

　单片机是靠程序运行，而且能够修改。经过不一样程序实现不一样功效，尤其是特殊独特部分功效，这是别器件需要费很大力气才能做到，有些则是花大力气也极难做到。一个不是很复杂功效要是用美国50年代开发74系列，或60年代CD4000系列这些纯硬件来搞定话，电路一定是一块大PCB板！不过假如要是用美国70年代成功投放市场系列单片机，结果就会有天壤之别！只因为单片机经过你编写程序能够实现高智能，高效率，和高可靠性！

　因为单片机对成本是敏感，所以现在占统治地位软件还是最低级 汇编语言，它是除了二进制机器码以上最低级语言了，既然这么低级为何还要用呢？很多高级语言已经达成了可视化编程水平为何不用呢？原因很简单，就是单片机没有家用计算机那样CPU，也没有像硬盘那样海量存放设备。一个可视化高级语言编写小程序里面即使只有一个按钮，也会达成几十K尺寸！对于家用PC硬盘来讲没什么，可是对于单片机来讲是不能接收。

　单片机在硬件资源方面利用率必需很高才行，所以汇编即使原始却还是在大量使用。一样道理，假如把巨型计算机上操作系统和应用软件拿到家用PC上来运行，家用PC也是承受不了。

　能够说，二十世纪跨越了三个“电”时代，即电气时代、电子时代和现已进入电脑时代。不过，这种电脑，通常是指个人计算机，简称PC机。它由主机、键盘、显示器等组成。还有一类计算机，大多数人却不怎么熟悉。这种计算机就是把智能给予多种机械单片机（亦称微控制器）。顾名思义，这种计算机最小系统只用了一片集成电路，即可进行简单运算和控制。因为它体积小，通常全部藏在被控机械“肚子”里。它在整个装置中，起着有如人类头脑作用，它出了毛病，整个装置就瘫痪了。现在，这种单片机使用领域已十分广泛，如 智能仪表、实时工控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等。多种产品一旦用上了单片机，就能起到使产品升级换代功效，常在产品名称前冠以形容词——“智能型”，如智能型洗衣机等。现在有些工厂技术人员或其它业余电子开发者搞出来一些产品，不是电路太复杂，就是功效太简单且极易被仿制。究其原因，可能就卡在产品未使用单片机或其它可编程逻辑器件上。

　单片机历史

　单片机诞生于20世纪70年代末，经历了SCM、MCU、SoC三大阶段。

　起初模型

　1.SCM即 单片微型计算机（Single Chip Microcomputer）阶段，关键是寻求最好单片形态嵌入式系统最好体系结构。“创新模式”取得成功，奠定了SCM和通用计算机完全不一样发展道路。在开创嵌入式系统独立发展道路上，Intel企业功不可没。

　2.MCU即微控制器（Micro Controller Unit）阶段，关键技术发展方向是：不停扩展满足嵌入式应用时，对象系统要求多种外围电路和接口电路，突显其对象智能化控制能力。它所包含领域全部和对象系统相关，所以，发展MCU重担不可避免地落在电气、电子技术厂家。从这一角度来看，Intel逐步淡出MCU发展也有其客观原因。在发展MCU方面，最著名厂家当数Philips企业。

　Philips企业以其在嵌入式应用方面巨大优势，将MCS-51从单片微型计算机快速发展到微控制器。所以，当我们回顾嵌入式系统发展道路时，不要忘记Intel和Philips历史功绩。

　嵌入式系统

　单片机是嵌入式系统独立发展之路，向MCU阶段发展关键原因，就是寻求应用系统在芯片上最大化处理；所以，专用单片机发展自然形成了SOC化趋势。伴随微电子技术、IC设计、EDA工具发展，基于SOC 单片机应用系统设计会有较大发展。所以，对单片机了解能够从单片微型计算机、单片微控制器延伸到单片应用系统。

　单片机应用领域

　现在单片机渗透到我们生活各个领域，几乎极难找到哪个领域没有单片机踪迹。

　 导弹导航装置，飞机上多种仪表控制，计算机网络通讯和数据传输，工业自动化过程实时控制和数据处理，广泛使用多种智能 IC卡，民用豪华轿车安全保障系统， 录像机、 摄像机、全自动洗衣机控制，和程控玩具、电子宠物等等，这些全部离不开单片机。更不用说自动控制领域机器人、智能仪表、医疗器械了。所以，单片机学习、开发和应用将造就一批计算机应用和智能化控制科学家、工程师。

　单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备智能化管理及过程控制等领域，大致可分以下多个范围：

　1.在 智能仪器仪表上应用

　单片机含有体积小、功耗低、控制功效强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不一样类型 传感器，可实现诸如电压、 功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量测量。采取单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功效比起采取电子或 数字电路愈加强大。比如精密测量设备（ 功率计， 示波器，多种分析仪）。

　 2.在工业控制中应用

　用单片机能够组成形式多样控制系统、数据采集系统。比如工厂流水线智能化管

　3.在家用电器中应用

　能够这么说，现在家用电器基础上全部采取了单片机控制，从电饭褒、洗衣机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其它 音响视频器材、再到 电子秤量设备，五花八门，无所不在。

　4.在计算机网络和通信领域中应用

　现代单片机普遍含有通信接口，能够很方便地和计算机进行数据通信，为在计算机网络和通信设备间应用提供了极好物质条件，现在通信设备基础上全部实现了单片机智能控制，从手机，电话机、小型 程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随地可见移动电话，集群移动通信， 无线电对讲机等。

　5.单片机在医用设备领域中应用

　单片机在医用设备中用途亦相当广泛，比如医用呼吸机，多种分析仪，监护仪，超声诊疗设备及病床呼叫系统等等。

　6.在多种大型电器中模块化应用

　一些专用单片机设计用于实现特定功效，从而在多种电路中进行模块化应用，而不要求使用人员了解其内部结构。如音乐集成单片机，看似简单功效，微缩在纯电子芯片中（有别于磁带机原理），就需要复杂类似于计算机原理。如：音乐信号以数字形式存于存放器中（类似于ROM），由微控制器读出，转化为模拟音乐电信号（类似于声卡）。

　在大型电路中，这种模块化应用极大地缩小了体积，简化了电路，降低了损坏、错误率，也方便于更换。

　7.单片机在汽车设备领域中应用

　单片机在汽车电子中应用很广泛，比如汽车中发动机控制器，基于CAN总线汽车发动机智能电子控制器，GPS导航系统，abs防抱死系统，制动系统等等。

　另外，单片机在工商，金融，科研、教育，国防航空航天等领域全部有着十分广泛用途。

　学习应用六大关键部分

　单片机学习应用六大关键部分

　一、总线：

　我们知道，一个电路总是由元器件经过电线连接而成，在 模拟电路中，连线并不成为一个问题，因为各器件间通常是串行关系，各器件之间连线并不很多，但计算机电路却不一样，它是以 微处理器为关键，各器件全部要和微处理器相连，各器件之间工作必需相互协调，所以需要连线就很多了，假如仍如同模拟电路一样，在各微处理器和各器件间单独连线，则线数量将多得惊人，所以在微处理机中引入了总线概念，各个器件共同享用连线，全部器件8根数据线全部接到8根公用线上，即相当于各个器件并联起来，但仅这么还不行，假如有两个器件同时送出数据，一个为0，一个为1，那么，接收方接收到到底是什么呢？这种情况是不许可，所以要经过控制线进行控制，使器件分时工作，任何时候只能有一个器件发送数据（能够有多个器件同时接收）。器件数据线也就被称为数据总线，器件全部控制线被称为控制总线。在单片机内部或外部存放器及其它器件中有存放单元，这些存放单元要被分配地址，才能使用，分配地址当然也是以电信号形式给出，因为存放单元比较多，所以，用于地址分配线也较多，这些线被称为地址总线。

　二、数据、地址、指令：

　之所以将这三者放在一起，是因为这三者本质全部是一样——数字，或说全部是一串‘0’和‘1’组成序列。换言之，地址、指令也全部是数据。指令：由单片机芯片设计者要求一个数字，它和我们常见指令助记符有着严格一一对应关系，不能够由单片机开发者更改。地址：是寻求单片机内部、外部存放单元、输入输出口依据，内部单元地址值已由芯片设计者要求好，不可更改，外部单元能够由单片机开发者自行决定，但有部分地址单元是一定要有（详见程序实施过程）。

　三、P0口、P2口和P3第二功效使用方法：

　初课时往往对P0口、P2口和P3口第二功效使用方法迷惑不解，认为第二功效和原功效之间要有一个切换过程，或说要有一条指令，实际上，各端口第二功效完全是自动，不需要用指令来转换。如P3.6、P3.7分别是WR、RD信号，当微片理机外接RAM或有外部I/O口时，它们被用作第二功效，不能作为通用I/O口使用，只要一微处理机一实施到MOVX指令，就会有对应信号从P3.6或P3.7送出，不需要事先用指令说明。实际上‘不能作为通用I/O口使用’也并不是‘不能’而是（使用者）‘不会’将其作为通用I/O口使用。你完全能够在指令中按排一条SETB P3.7指令，而且当单片机实施到这条指令时，也会使P3.7变为高电平，但使用者不会这么去做，因为这通常会造成系统瓦解。

　四、程序实施过程：

　单片机在通电复位后8051内程序计数器（PC）中值为‘0000’，所以程序总是从‘0000’单元开始实施，也就是说：在系统ROM中一定要存在‘0000’这个单元，而且在‘0000’单元中存放一定是一条指令。

　五、堆栈：

　堆栈是一个区域，是用来存放数据，这个区域本身没有任何特殊之处，就是内部RAM一部份，特殊是它存放和取用数据方法，即所谓‘优异后出，后进先出’，而且堆栈有特殊数据传输指令，即‘PUSH’和‘POP’，有一个特殊专为其服务单元，即堆栈指针SP，每当执一次PUSH指令时，SP就（在原来值基础上）自动加1，每当实施一次POP指令，SP就（在原来值基础上）自动减1。因为SP中值能够用指令加以改变，所以只要在程序开始阶段更改了SP值，就能够把堆栈设置在要求内存单元中，如在程序开始时，用一条MOV SP，#5FH指令，就时把堆栈设置在从内存单元60H开始单元中。通常程序开头总有这么一条设置堆栈指针指令，因为开机时，SP初始值为07H，这么就使堆栈从08H单元开始往后，而08H到1FH这个区域正是8031第二、三、四工作寄存器区，常常要被使用，这会造成数据混乱。不一样作者编写程序时，初始化堆栈指令也不完全相同，这是作者习惯问题。当设置好堆栈区后，并不意味着该区域成为一个专用内存，它还是能够象一般内存区域一样使用，只是通常情况下编程者不会把它当成一般内存用了。

　外文资料原文

　Single-chip

　SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU that it was first used in industrial control.

　Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTEL'sZ80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.

　Are 8-bit microcontroller early or4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90's dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end [1] model only 10 dollars.Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.

　SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip.Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings

　Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip.Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best choice.

　SCM and the computer functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these components were relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it ...... some control for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! ...... It is primarily as a control section of the core components

　It is an online real-time control computer, control-line is that the scene is needed is a stronger anti-jamming ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference.

　Single chip

　MCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very complex functions if the 50's with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60's CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70's with a series of successful SCM market, the result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!

　As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device.A visualization of small high-level language program which even if only one button, will reach tens of K of size! For the home PC's hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant computer operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to.

　Can be said that the twentieth century across the three "power" era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to give all kinds of intelligent machines single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charged mechanical "stomach" in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - "intelligent," such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too complicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.

　SCM history

　SCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM, MCU, SOC three stages.

　First model

　 1.SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. "Innovation model" success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.

　2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control.It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCU's responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation. Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History.

　Embedded Systems

　Embedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SOC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SOC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to the single-chip micro-controller applications.

　MCU applications

　SCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers.

　SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:

　1. In the application of Intelligent Instruments

　SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).

　2. In the industrial control application

　With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control

　3. In Household Appliances

　can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.

　4. In the field of computer networks and communications applications

　MCU general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc..

　5. Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications

　SCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system.

　6. In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications

　Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, analog music into electrical signals (similar to the sound card).

　In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace.

　7. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment

　SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc..

　In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications.

　Application of six important part of learning

　MCU learning an important part of the six applications

　1, Bus:

　We know that a circuit is always made by the devices connected by wires, in analog circuits, the connection does not become a problem because the device is a serial relationship between the general, the device is not much connection between the , but the computer is not the same circuit, it is a microprocessor core, the device must be connected with the microprocessor, the device must be coordination between, so they need to connect on a lot, as if still analog circuit like the microprocessor and devices in the connection between the individual, the number of lines will be a little more surprising, therefore the introduction of the microprocessor bus Zhong Each device Gongtong access connections, all devices 8 Shuju line all received eight public online, that is the equivalent of all devices together in parallel, but only this does not work, if there are two devices send data at the same time, a 0, a 1, then, whether the receiver received what is it?