第1篇第2篇第3篇第4篇第5篇更多顶部第一篇：Adoption of the Declaration of Human Rights第二篇：adopting the Declaration of Human Rights第三篇：Adoption of the Declaration of第四篇：universal Declaration of Human Rights第五篇：the Human side of enterprise更多相关范文

第一篇：Adoption of the Declaration of Human Rights

eleanor roosevelt: Adoption of the Declaration of Human Rights

mr. president, fellow delegates:

the long and meticulous study and debate of which this universal Declaration of Human Rights is the product means that it reflects the composite views of the many men and governments who have contributed to its formulation. not every man nor every government can have what he wants in a document of this kind. there are of course particular provisions in the Declaration before us with which we are not fully satisfied. i have no doubt this is true of other delegations, and it would still be true if we continued our labors over many years. taken as a whole the delegation of the united states believes that this a good document -- even a great document -- and we propose to give it our full support. the position of the united states on the various parts of the Declaration is a matter of record in the third committee. i shall not burden the assembly, and particularly my colleagues of the third committee, with a restatement of that position here.

certain provisions of the Declaration are stated in such broad terms as to be acceptable only because of the limitations in article 29 providing for limitation on the exercise of the Rights for the purpose of meeting the requirements of morality, public order, and the general welfare. an example of this is the provision that everyone has the right of equal access to the public service in his country. the basic principle of equality and of nondiscrimination as to public employment is sound, but it cannot be accepted without limitations. my government, for example, would consider that this is unquestionably subject to limitation in the interest of public order and the general welfare. it would not consider that the exclusion from public employment of persons holding subversive political beliefs and not loyal to the basic principles and practices of the constitution and laws of the country would in any way infringe upon this right.

likewise, my government has made it clear in the course of the development of the Declaration that it does not consider that the economic and social and cultural Rights stated in the Declaration imply an obligation on governmental action. this was made quite clear in the Human Rights commission text of article 23 which served as a so-called "umbrella" article to the articles on economic and social Rights. we consider that the principle has not been affected by the fact that this article no longer contains a reference to the articles which follow it. this in no way affects our whole-hearted support for the basic principles of economic, social, and cultural Rights set forth in these articles.

in giving our approval to the Declaration today it is of primary importance that we keep clearly in mind the basic character of the document. it is not a treaty; it is not an international agreement. it is not and does not purport to be a statement of basic principles of law or legal obligation. it is a Declaration of basic principles of Human Rights and freedoms, to be stamped with the approval of the general assembly by formal vote of its members, and to serve as a common standard of achievement for all peoples of all nations.

we stand today at the threshold of a great event both in the life of the united nations and in the life of mankind, that is the approval by the general assembly of the universal Declaration of Human Rights recommended by the third committee. this Declaration may well become the international magna carta of all men everywhere. we hope its proclamation by the general assembly will be an event comparable to the proclamation of the Declaration of the Rights of the man by the french people in 1789, the Adoption of the bill of Rights by the people of the united states, and the Adoption of comparable Declarations at different times in other countries.

at a time when there are so many issues on which we find it difficult to reach a common basis of agreement, it is a significant fact that 58 states have found such a large measure of agreement in the complex field of Human Rights. this must be taken as testimony of our common aspiration first voiced in the charter of the united nations to lift men everywhere to a higher standard of life and to a greater enjoyment of freedom. man’s desire for peace lies behind this Declaration. the realization that the fragrant violation of Human Rights by nazi and fascist countries sowed the seeds of the last world war has supplied the impetus for the work which brings us to the moment of achievement here today.

in a recent speech in canada, gladstone murray said:

"the central fact is that man is fundamentally a moral being, that the

light we have is imperfect does not matter so long as we are always

trying to improve it … we are equal in sharing the moral freedom that

distinguishes us as men. man’s status makes each individual an end in

himself. no man is by nature simply the servant of the state or of

another man … the ideal and fact of freedom—and not

technology—are the true distinguishing marks of our civilization."

this Declaration is based upon the spiritual fact that man must have freedom in which to develop his full stature and through common effort to raise the level of Human dignity. we have much to do to fully achieve and to assure the Rights set forth in this Declaration. but having them put before us with the moral backing of 58 nations will be a great step forward.

as we here bring to fruition our labors on this Declaration of Human Rights, we must at the same time rededicate ourselves to the unfinished task which lies before us. we can now move on with new courage and inspiration to the completion of an international covenant on Human Rights and of measures for the implementation of Human Rights.

in conclusion i feel that i cannot do better than to repeat the call to action by secretary marshall in his opening statement to this assembly:

"let this third regular session of the general assembly approve by an

overwhelming majority the Declaration of Human Rights as a

statement of conduct for all; and let us, as members of the united

nations, conscious of our own short-comings and imperfections, join

our effort in all faith to live up to this high standard."

第二篇：adopting the Declaration of Human Rights

eleanor roosevelt

on the Adoption of the universal Declaration of Human Rights

delivered 9 december 1948 in paris, france

演讲者简介：安娜·埃莉诺·罗斯福(anna eleanor roosevelt，1884年10月11日-1962年11月7日)，美国第32任总统富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福的妻子，曾为美国第一夫人。第二次世界大战后她出任美国首任驻联合国大使，并主导起草了联合国的“世界人权宣言”。她是女性主义者，亦大力提倡保护人权。

mr. president, fellow delegates:

the long and meticulous study and debate of which this universal Declaration of Human Rights is the product means that it reflects the composite views of the many men and governments who have contributed to its formulation. not every man nor every government can have what he wants in a document of this kind. there are of course particular provisions in the Declaration before us with which we are not fully satisfied. i have no doubt this is true of other delegations, and it would still be true if we continued our labors over many years. taken as a whole the delegation of the united states believes that this is a good document -- even a great document -- and we propose to give it our full support. the position of the united states on the various parts of the Declaration is a matter of record in the third committee. i shall not burden the assembly, and particularly my colleagues of the third committee, with a restatement of that position here.

i should like to comment briefly on the amendments proposed by the soviet delegation. the language of these amendments has been dressed up somewhat, but the substance is the same as the amendments which were offered by the soviet delegation in committee and rejected after exhaustive discussion. substantially the same amendments have been previously considered and rejected in the Human Rights commission. we in the united states admire those who fight for their convictions, and the soviet delegation has fought for their convictions. but in the older democracies we have learned that sometimes we bow to the will of the majority. in doing that, we do not give up our convictions. we continue sometimes to persuade, and eventually we may be successful. but we know that we have to work together and we have to progress. so, we believe that when we have made a good fight, and the majority is against us, it is perhaps better tactics to try to cooperate.

i feel bound to say that i think perhaps it is somewhat of an imposition on this assembly to have these amendments offered again here, and i am confident that they will be rejected without debate.

the first two paragraphs of the amendment to article 3 deal with the question of minorities, which committee 3 decided required further study, and has recommended, in a separate resolution, their reference to the economic and social council and the Human Rights commission. as set out in the soviet amendment, this provision clearly states "group," and not "individual," Rights.

the soviet amendment to article 20 is obviously a very restrictive statement of the right to freedom of opinion and expression. it sets up standards which would enable any state practically to deny all freedom of opinion and expression without violating the article. it introduces the terms "democratic view," "democratic systems," "democratic state," and "fascism," which we know all too well from debates in this assembly over the past two years on warmongering and related subjects are liable to the most flagrant abuse and diverse interpretations.

the statement of the soviet delegate here tonight is a very good case in point on this. the soviet amendment of article 22 introduces new elements into the article without improving the committed text and again introduces specific reference to "discrimination." as was repeatedly pointed out in committee 3, the question of discrimination is comprehensively covered in article 2 of the Declaration, so that its restatement elsewhere is completely unnecessary and also has the effect of weakening the comprehensive principles stated in article 2. the new article proposed by the soviet delegation is but a restatement of state obligation, which the soviet delegation attempted to introduce into practically every article in the Declaration. it would convert the Declaration into a document stating obligations on states, thereby changing completely its character as a statement of principles to serve as a common standard of achievement for the members of the united nations.

the soviet proposal for deferring consideration of the Declaration to the 4th session of the assembly requires no comment. an identical text was rejected in committee 3 by a vote of 6 in favor and 26 against. we are all agreed, i am sure, that the Declaration, which has been worked on with such great effort and devotion, and over such a long period of time, must be approved by this assembly at this session.

第三篇：Adoption of the Declaration of

eleanor roosevelt: Adoption of the Declaration of Human Rights

mr. president, fellow delegates:

the long and meticulous study and debate of which this universal Declaration of Human Rights is the product means that it reflects the composite views of the many men and governments who have contributed to its formulation. not every man nor every government can have what he wants in a document of this kind. there are of course particular provisions in the Declaration before us with which we are not fully satisfied. i have no doubt this is true of other delegations, and it would still be true if we continued our labors over many years. taken as a whole the delegation of the united states believes that this a good document -- even a great document -- and we propose to give it our full support. the position of the united states on the various parts of the Declaration is a matter of record in the third committee. i shall not burden the assembly, and particularly my colleagues of the third committee, with a restatement of that position here.

certain provisions of the Declaration are stated in such broad terms as to be acceptable only because of the limitations in article 29 providing for limitation on the exercise of the Rights for the purpose of meeting the requirements of morality, public order, and the general welfare. an example of this is the provision that everyone has the right of equal access to the public service in his country. the basic principle of equality and of nondiscrimination as to public employment is sound, but it cannot be accepted without limitations. my government, for example, would consider that this is unquestionably subject to limitation in the interest of public order and the general welfare. it would not consider that the exclusion from public employment of persons holding subversive political beliefs and not loyal to the basic principles and practices of the constitution and laws of the country would in any way infringe upon this right.

likewise, my government has made it clear in the course of the development of the Declaration that it does not consider that the economic and social and cultural Rights stated in the Declaration imply an obligation on governmental action. this was made quite clear in the Human Rights commission text of article 23 which served as a so-called "umbrella" article to the articles on economic and social Rights. we consider that the principle has not been affected by the fact that this article no longer contains a reference to the articles which follow it. this in no way affects our whole-hearted support for the basic principles of economic, social, and cultural Rights set forth in these articles.

in giving our approval to the Declaration today it is of primary importance that we keep clearly in mind the basic character of the document. it is not a treaty; it is not an international agreement. it is not and does not purport to be a statement of basic principles of law or legal obligation. it is a Declaration of basic principles of Human Rights and freedoms, to be stamped with the approval of the general assembly by formal vote of its members, and to serve as a common standard of achievement for all peoples of all nations.

we stand today at the threshold of a great event both in the life of the united nations and in the life of mankind, that is the approval by the general assembly of the universal Declaration of Human Rights recommended by the third committee. this Declaration may well become the international magna carta of all men everywhere. we hope its proclamation by the general assembly will be an event comparable to the proclamation of the Declaration of the Rights of the man by the french people in 1789, the Adoption of the bill of Rights by the people of the united states, and the Adoption of comparable Declarations at different times in other countries.

at a time when there are so many issues on which we find it difficult to reach a common basis of agreement, it is a significant fact that 58 states have found such a large measure of agreement in the complex field of Human Rights. this must be taken as testimony of our common aspiration first voiced in the charter of the united nations to lift men everywhere to a higher standard of life and to a greater enjoyment of freedom. man?ˉs desire for peace lies behind this Declaration. the realization that the fragrant violation of Human Rights by nazi and fascist countries sowed the seeds of the last world war has supplied the impetus for the work which brings us to the moment of achievement here today.

in a recent speech in canada, gladstone murray said:

"the central fact is that man is fundamentally a moral being, that the light we have is imperfect does not matter(好范文网：wWW.hAoworD.cOM) so long as we are always trying to improve it ?- we are equal in sharing the moral freedom that distinguishes us as men. man?ˉs status makes each individual an end in himself. no man is by nature simply the servant of the state or of another man ?- the ideal and fact of freedom?aand not technology?aare the true distinguishing marks of our civilization."

this Declaration is based upon the spiritual fact that man must have freedom in which to develop his full stature and through common effort to raise the level of Human dignity. we have much to do to fully achieve and to assure the Rights set forth in this Declaration. but having them put before us with the moral backing of 58 nations will be a great step forward.

好范文网范文网[chazidian.com]

as we here bring to fruition our labors on this Declaration of Human Rights, we must at the same time rededicate ourselves to the unfinished task which lies before us. we can now move on with new courage and inspiration to the completion of an international covenant on Human Rights and of measures for the implementation of Human Rights.

in conclusion i feel that i cannot do better than to repeat the call to action by secretary marshall in his opening statement to this assembly:

"let this third regular session of the general assembly approve by an overwhelming majority the Declaration of Human Rights as a statement of conduct for all; and let us, as members of the united nations, conscious of our own short-comings and imperfections, join our effort in all faith to live up to this high standard."

第四篇：universal Declaration of Human Rights

universal Declaration of Human Rights

preamble

whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable Rights of all members of the Human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

whereas disregard and contempt for Human Rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which Human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,

whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that Human Rights should be protected by the rule of law,

whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,

whereas the peoples of the united nations have in the charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental Human Rights, in the dignity and worth of the Human person and in the equal Rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

whereas member states have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation with the united nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of Human Rights and fundamental freedoms,

whereas a common understanding of these Rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,

now, therefore,

the general assembly,

proclaims this universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these Rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of member states themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

article i

all Human beings are born free and equal in dignity and Rights. they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

article 2

everyone is entitled to all the Rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

article 3

everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

article 4

no one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

article 5

no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inHuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

article 6

everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

article 7

all are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. all are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

article 8

everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental Rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

article 9

no one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

article 10

everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his Rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

article 11

everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.

no one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

article 12

no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

article 13

everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.

everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.article 14

everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.

this right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the united nations.

article 15

everyone has the right to a nationality.

no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

article 16

men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. they are entitled to equal Rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.

marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.

the family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by

society and the state.

article 17

everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.

no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

article 18

everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.article 19

everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

article 20

everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

no one may be compelled to belong to an association.

article 21

everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.

everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his country.

the will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

article 22

everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each state, of the economic, social and cultural Rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

article 23

everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.

everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.

everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of Human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.

everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.article 24

everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

article 25

everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. all children, whether born

in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

article 26

everyone has the right to education. education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. elementary education shall be compulsory. technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

education shall be directed to the full development of the Human personality and to the strengthening of respect for Human Rights and fundamental freedoms. it shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the united nations for the maintenance of peace.

parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.article 27

everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

article 28

everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the Rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

article 29

everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.

in the exercise of his Rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the Rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.

these Rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the united nations.

article 30

nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any state, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the Rights and freedoms set forth herein.

第五篇：the Human side of enterprise

企业的人性面

作者简介：

作者:道格拉斯·麦格雷戈 (douglas mcgregor)

道格拉斯·麦格雷戈(douglas m·mc gregor，1906～1964) 美国著名的行为科学家，人性假设理论创始人，管理理论的奠基人之一，x-y理论管理大师。

道格拉斯·麦格雷戈是人际关系学派最具有影响力的思想家之一。他是麻省理工学院斯隆管理学院创始人之一，安提亚克学院院长。美国国家培训所所长、心理协会会长以及政府和工业企业的顾问。

他的学生评价他说：“麦格雷戈有一种天赋，他能理解那些真正打动实际工作者的东西。”

麦格雷戈出生于1906年

在1924年他18岁的时候还是一个服务站的服务员，后在韦恩大学取得文学学士学位；

1935年，他取得哈佛大学哲学博士学位，随后留校任教；

1937～1964年期间在麻省理工学院任教，他教授的课程包括心理学和工业管理等，并对组织的发展有所研究。

1948～1954年在安第奥克学院任院长。任院长期间，麦格雷戈对当时流行的传统的管理观点和对人的特性的看法提出了疑问。

1957年11月号的美国《管理评论》杂志上发表了《企业的人性方面》(the Human sideof enterprise)一文，提出了有名的“x理论一y理论”，该文1960年以书的形式出版。

1954《管理的哲学》

1960《企业的人性方面》

1961《经理人员在技术爆炸时期的责任》

麦克雷戈斯（douglas mcgregor,1906~1964）自哈佛大学取得心理学博士后先在哈佛任教数年，在1937年转到麻省理工学院任教。麦克雷戈认为管理的根本问题在 于管理者对人性的假设，越接近事实的就越理性。麦克雷戈在1960年出版＜企业的人性面＞（the Human side of enterprise,协志出版），他认为当时的组织设计乃基于错误的人性假设。他将当时的一般看法称为x理论，又提出一套不同的看法，称之为y理论。

麦克雷戈的这个理论，为彼得?德鲁克早年提出的目标管理提供了理论基础。“目标管理”的概念是美国管理学大师彼得·德鲁克（peter drucker1909——2014年11月11日）1954年在其名著《管理实践》中最先提出的，其后他又提出“目标管理和自我控制”的主张。德鲁克认为，

并不是有了工作才有目标，而是相反，有了目标才能确定每个人的工作。所以“企业的使命和任务，必须转化为目标”，如果一个领域没有目标，这个领域的工作必然被忽视。因此管理者应该通过目标对下级进行管理，当组织最高层管理者确定了组织目标后，必须对其进行有效分解，转变成各个部门以及各个人的分目标，管理者根据分目标的完成情况对下级进行考核、评价和奖惩。

道格拉斯?麦格雷戈(douglas mcgregor)在书中提出了有关人性的两种载然不同的观点：一种是基本上消极的x理论(theory x)；
另一种是基本上积极的y理论(theory y)。通过观察管理处理员工关系的方式，麦格雷戈发现，管理者关于人性的观点是建立在一些假设基础之上的，而管理者又根据这些假设来塑造他们自己对下属的行为方式。

麦格雷戈归纳了基于对人性的不同看法而形成的两种理论。他认为,传统理论是以对人性的错误看法为基础的,这种理论把人看作天性厌恶工作，逃避责任,不诚实和愚蠢等。因此，为了提高劳动生产效率，就必须采取强制、监督、 惩罚的方法。麦格雷戈把这种理论称之为 “x” 理论。

与之相对的是“y”理论，其基本观点是：人并不是被动的，人的行为受动机支配，只要创造一定的条件,他们会视工作为一种得到满足的因素，就能主动把工作干好。因此，对工作过程中存在的问题，应从管理上找原因,排除职工积极性发挥的障碍。麦格雷戈把这种理论称之为“y”理论。

他认为“x”理论是一种过时的理论，只有“y”理论才能保证管理的成功。

麦格雷戈本人认为，与x理论的假设相比，y理论更实际有效，因此他建议让员工参与决策，为员工提供富有挑战性和责任感的工作，建立良好的群体关系，这都会极大地调动员工的工作积极性。在过去的数十年中，世界许多大公司企业都较为坚定地相信道格拉斯·麦格雷戈的y理论，他们相信人是愿意负责、具有创造性和进取心的，每一位员工应当受到尊重和值得信任。并据此制定了大量的人才招聘、培训、选拔和激励制度和方案，结果在实践中获得了巨大的成功。麦格雷戈在《企业的人性方面》一书中把y理论称为“个人目标与组织目标的结合”，他认为关键不在于采用强硬的或温和的方法，而在于要在管理思想上从x理论变为y理论。x理论的假设是静止地看人，现在已经过时了；
y理论则是以动态的观点来看人，但这一理论也有很大的局限性。

x理论的导致以下管理思想

：①任何一个组织绩效之低下都是由人的本性所至 ②人必须在强迫与控制之下才肯工作，因而在管理上要求由分权化管理回复到集权化管理。

③由x理论推导出的一项组织的基本原则称为“阶梯原则”，即透过权威的运用以执行督导与控制 ④从x理论出发，强调“组织要求”重于“个人需要”。

奉行x理论的经理人会表现出专横且多疑，他们认为员工必须一直受到监视，否则就会偷懒。他们与员工之间的交流就是明白或者隐晦地以负面刺激来进行恐吓，这些都暗含了心理上的威胁；
即便员工表现出色，所获得的奖励也主要是金钱方面的，很少涉及私人情感。从文章看出，这些经理人觉得，除了给员工加薪升职之外，没有什么别的办法能向员工表达对其工作的赞赏。员工们觉得自己不受尊重，所以就会以专横的经理们所极力要制止的东西来对付他们，也就是磨洋工、开小差和“我根本就不在乎”的态度。从根本上来讲，奉行x理论的经理们认为雇员对公司的现实和长远利益的关心不如管理层那么强烈。这是一种监督式的管理，认为如果对员工放任自流，他们就不可能积极主动地工作、不可能有良好的判断力、不可能坚持不懈地努力去解决工作中的问题，所以奉行这种理论的经理人在工作中很难放权。

根据y理论，必然会导致下述的管理思想、原则与措施：

①任何一个组织绩效之低落都应归之于管理。

②人是依靠自己的主动性、天资禀赋与自我督导去工作的，因而在管理上要求由集权化管理恢复到参与管理。

③由y理论推导出一项组织的基本原则——“融合原则”(the principle of integration)即创造一种环境，以使组织中的成员在该环境下，既能达成各成员本身的个人目标，又要努力促成组织的成功。

④由y理论出发，强调要同时兼顾组织的需要与个人的需要。

作者观点：

信奉y理论的经理人认为，人本身就是一项资产，他们在工作中的才干是可以培育的。员工们并不是不愿投入、惰性十足、需要受到鞭策才能按企业所希望的那样去工作，恰恰相反，他们希望承担那些能够获得内在激励的工作。这应该说是一个很大的观念创新！

麦格雷戈把y理论称为“人员管理工作的新理论”，是“个人目标和组织目标相结合”的理论。他主张，管理者要以这种新理论为指导思想，根据不同的情况，因人而异地采用领导、协助和教育等方法，给工人安排他感到有吸引力和有意义

的工作，使个人需要和组织目标尽可能结合在一起，以便把个人的智慧和能力充分发挥出来；
要用启发与诱导代替命令与服从；
用信任与关怀代替监督与惩罚。他还认为，企业管理的关键问题不是在采用“强硬的方法”或“温和的方法”之间进行选择，而是要在指导思想上变x理论为y理论。

具体说来，x理论以“人性恶”为基础，假设一般人都对工作具有与生俱来的厌恶，因此只要有可能，便会全部逃避工作；
由于人们具有厌恶工作的本性，因此必须对他们进行指挥、控制、监督，以及予以惩罚的威胁，才能促使他们努力向组织目标奋进；
而一般人都愿意接受监督，希望逃避责任，胸无大志，安于现状。

y理论则以“人性善”为前提，认为工作对于体力与智力的消耗是再正常不过的事情，就像游戏和休息一样自然；
促使人朝着组织目标而奋斗，外在的控制及惩罚的威胁并非惟一的方法。人为了达到自己承诺的目标，自然会坚持“自我指导”与“自我控制”；
人之所以对目标做出承诺，是为了得到实现目标后的各种酬劳；
在正常情况下，人不但能学会承担责任，还会争取责任；
以高度的想像力、智力、创造力来解决组织中的各项问题，这是大多数人都具有的能力，而不是少数人特有的能力；
在现代企业模式上，大部分都只是发挥了一部分智能潜力。

随着这两种理论的出现，人们逐渐认识到不同的“管理先见”将决定不同的“管理绩效”。例如，面对同样一个员工表现懒散、态度冷漠、逃避责任、拒绝合作、缺乏创新，在x理论信奉者看来，那一定是员工的错，人是欲望的动物，他们本性中有不思进取、自私自利的一面，所以管理者必须加强控制和监管的力度；
而在y理论拥护者看来，那肯定是管理者的错，是他们没有采取适当的组织和管理方法，最终导致了员工的散漫、无纪律、磨洋工。所谓“好的制度，坏人也可以做好事，不好的制度，好人也能做坏事”，这是对y理论的较为贴切的注解。

如果说x理论走的是“否定人，肯定控制”的路线的话，那么y理论显然遵从相反的路径。由于它们对人性假设的不同，势必产生个人目标与组织目标能否融合、统一的两种截然相反的论调。至于在战略规划、企业文化、人力资源、绩效目标、组织架构、工作方式等方面的差异，那都是后话，都不过是附随x理论与y理论所有的自然而然的结果。

影响：

《企业的人性面》的深刻价值在于，它首次从人性假设出发，提出了“企

业的人性面是‘一体化’的这一论点，即管理者根据怎样的管理理论来控制员工，整个企业就具备怎样的特点，其后续的管理者也具有相应的特点。

局限：
麦格雷戈有很多未挑明、未说清的部分，例如是否可以用“权力均等化”来形容y理论，麦格雷戈是否有要求或暗示管理者交出权力，是否采用x理论的一定会失败奉行y理论的一定会成功，等等。

其次xy理论是根据人性假设而来，人性善恶之辨就是千百年来所有道德哲学关注的焦点和源问题。那么在实际应用中也就很难理解麦格雷戈提出来的xy理论。

“也许，最复杂的问题在于，”正如乔·卡彻·格尔圣菲尔德所说，“麦格雷戈将x理论和y理论放在了绝对对立的位置上。”这样做虽然让麦格雷戈的作品清晰而引人注目，但也造成了一定的理解障碍。人们不禁质疑：既然如此，组织又是如何长期保持各种矛盾观点并存于制度与实践中的？有没有这样的可能，即x理论与y理论总会同时出现在协商、共存之中。在埃德加·沙因给《企业的人性面》写推荐序的时候，就明确指出有力的命令是y理论不可或缺的一面。他的意思是说，有时候，要顺利推行y理论，部分x理论的贯彻是必要的。

例如，人们误以为麦格雷是极其反对x理论的（正是因为如此，他才会创造y理论），但其实不然。麦格雷戈就曾明确表示：“x理论绝不是我们抨击的稻草人，事实上，它是一种广泛影响今日美国产业管理政策的理论。而且，许多管理著作中讨论的组织原则，几乎都是在x理论的基础上衍生而来的。如果人们采用的是其他的人性假设，必定会形成与今日组织原则大相径庭的结果。”个人认为：麦格雷戈并不是全部反对x理论，相反，麦格雷戈首先是肯定x理论的现实价值的，而且在一定程度上，正是x理论的普遍适用才成就了当时繁荣的美国产业经济。只是后来随着社会和理论的发展，x理论本身遇到了瓶颈，确切地说，越来越多管理实践中出现的问题是x理论所无法克服和解决的，这才促成了“颠覆x理论的革命”和“催生y理论的运动”。

另外，像沃伦·本尼斯指出的，书中有些内容也已经不合时宜了。本尼斯发现麦格雷戈过于关注企业内部上下级之间的关系，对组织外部环境则研究不够。这的确是事实。最近有人提出将的海尔的管理模式称之为h理论，更侧重于组织外部环境的研究。而麦格雷戈很多观点也有赖于进一步发展。他倡导尊重员工，创造良好的工作条件，推广集体谈判，然而事实却没能像他所预计的那样乐观。他曾多次抱怨标准化，但他一定没有预见到，后来由戴明与朱兰提出的质量管理理论、丰田的管理方式及其显著的精益生产、六西格玛等会大受欢迎、成效卓越。而且，尽管麦格雷戈对“一刀切”的管理模式感到厌恶，但他并没能提出其他有

效的方法，使一线员工的工作能够标准化、规范化——这包括自我质量检查、自我管理维护流程、系统的组织学习流程以及其他类似的标准化流程，从而全面检验企业持续发展所必需的条件。

总之，麦格雷戈提出了问题，并给予了一定的参考，但他从来不曾彻底解决这些困惑，因此留下的是永久的疑问和争论。“有时，独断专行的管理者从不考虑他人或集体的利益，有时，民主的管理者不得不开除固守x理论的人。在这些情况下，权力与y理论式的承诺相互交织，引人深思。”

可以想见，关于x理论与y理论孰优孰劣的讨论仍将继续，而且在很长一段时间内都可能无法得到一个唯一、终极的答案。但有一点可以肯定，人们会随着麦格雷戈的思路深入探究那个经典的命题——什么是最有效的管理方式？

这一理论给我的启示是：人是可以改变的，人变了，需要也就随着变化了，需要一改变，动机也会变化。公关人员和领导者，在执行工作的过程中，要了解每个人的具体情况：目前主要需要什么、将来需要什么，帮助广大员工制订一个振奋人心的、科学的、与企业经营好坏紧密联系的奋斗目标。这样，激发起来的广大员工的积极性才能持久，才能不断地推向高潮。

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