Unit One 1. the entire previous history of humankind (人类） 2. due principally (chiefly) to 3. to rescue (save) civilization from 4. the dread (fearful) shadow of diseases 5. the conscience (觉悟）and concern of scientists 6. driving forces (动力） 7. to advance (promote) health 8. the amplification (增大）of virus 9. tissue culture (培养） 10. killed and live attenuated (减弱）vaccines 11. national immunization (免疫）days 12. monitoring (监测）methods 13. worldwide eradication (elimination) of polio 14. little reason for complacency (自满） 15. microbial (微生物）enemies 16. temporary (暂时）victories 17. be adept (skillful) at developing new defenses 18. to facilitate (使便利）the spread of epidemics 19. political and economic mismanagement (管理不善) 20. the deprivation (poverty) of population 21. to address (deal with) the largest disease burden 22. major scourge (灾祸）such as malaria and AIDS 23. in an interdisciplinary (跨学科的)way 24. talented (有才能的）young scientists 25. to underwrite (support) their mission 26. stunning pace (speed, rate) of change 27. potential, passion, and perception (洞察力）of scientists 29. to address (attend to) global health needs 30. to make deliberate (慎重的）use of it 31. to bear (keep) in mind that 32. strategically (战略上）placed on 33. the scientific underpinning (基础）of policy 34. evidence-based (循证）policy 35. policy setting (establishment) 36. to bear on (影响）the well-being of people 37. a(n) terminally ill patient (临终病人） 38. metastatic (转移）renal cancer 39. our beloved (热爱的）profession 40. our zeal (enthusiasm) for medical science 41. bedside (clinical) care 42. to conduct groundbreaking (突破的）research 43. a(n) noble (崇高的）calling 44. a(n) oral formulation ( 口月服制剂）of morphine 45. bone metastasis 转移） 46. radicular (根的）pain 47. spinal (脊柱）root 48. to counsel (忠告）the terminally ill patient 49. to reflect upon (反省）my profession 50. caring and compassionate (有同情心的） 51. chemotherapeutic (化疗的）agents 52. to shower their patients with genuine (true) love and compassion 53. emotional and physical (身体的）support 54. dignity (尊严）and compassion 55. combination (cooperation) of physicians and nurses 56. to attend to (address, meet, satisfy) the physical 57. the bureaucrats (官僚）and administrators 58. the inflated price tag (物价上涨） 59. precious (very, extremely) few 60. the threat of litigation (诉讼） 61. an ethical, legal, and economic consensus (agreement) 62. to allocate (分酉己）these resources 63. to pass health care legislation (立法） 64. assembly-line mentality (理念） 65. unethical in the extreme (极度，非常） 66. the application of scientific inquiry (investigation) 67. to die naturally and humanely (人道地） 68. inauguration (就职）speech 69. to garner (acquire, obtain) more support 70. to venture (go) beyond 71. the walls of the ivory tower (象牙塔） 72. a more entrenched (deeply rooted) obstacle 73. Up service (口惠） 74. a(n) innovative (革新的）program 75. a growing nucleus (核心）of 76. between academia (学术界）and industry 77. the messy fray (争论）of democracy 78. the scientific community (科技界） 79. a(n) chaotic (混舌L的）realm 80. a(n) enlightened (文明的）citizenry 81. politicians and lobbyists (说客） Unit Two 1. the acquisition (获得）of knowledge 2. a(n) prized (珍贵的）commodity 3. the role of breadwinner (家庭支柱） 4. the family boarding (供膳宿的）house 5. (勤劳地）industriously generated profits 6. Dad' consistent (一贯的）message 7. extracurricular (课夕卜的）activities 8. a(n) avid (渴求的）reader 9. glowing approbation (称赞） 10. distinctly different flavors (韵味） 11. a(n) academic (教学的）physician 12. to delight in (热衷于）learning 13. to need a(n) reminder (提示） 14. collegial teasing (逗乐） 15. at the crack of dawn (黎明） 16. to smile graciously (和蔼地） 17. in a very heavy accent (口音） 18. nostalgic (怀旧的）reminiscence 19. the privilege (特权）of learning 20. reverence (respect) for knowledge 21. a frustrating and inefficient (低效率的）process 22. to assemble (收集）paper charts 23. to become intimately (深深地）aware of 24. a young, enthusiastic, idealistic (理想主义的 ) person 25. a(n) compassionate (有同情心的）clinician 26. to employ that knowledge reliably (可靠地） 27. to immerse (沉浸）myself in the hospital 28. jam-packed (crowded) emergency departments 29. primary (初级的）prevention 30. extraordinary (极度的）waste 31. to remedy (correct) these problems 32. insightful (有见识的)teachers and colleagues 33. miraculous (奇迹般的）tools 10. to bestowed (赐予）the gift of prophecy 34. to orchestrate (coordinate) conversation and 11. the camaraderie (同志情谊）of making music 49. accelerate (力口快）the redefinition of science 26. cooperation 35. interdisciplinary (交叉学科的）teamwork 36. the medical establishment (system) 37. untapped (未汲取的）resource 38. to channel (弓 1导）the energy into 39. exuberant (精力旺盛的）practitioners 40. disparities (差异）of quality 41. health care settings (环境） 42. introductory (入门的）science course 43. the distinguished (杰出的）committee of scientists 44. natural phenomena (现象） 45. active inquiry (exploration) 46. quality assessments 评估） 47. to explicitly (明确地）measure 48. to energetically (积极地）advertise and explain education 50. to need urgently (急迫地） Unit Three 1. a(n) general (普夕卜）surgeon 2. specialty (专科）surgeons 3. a(n) plastic (整形）surgeon 4. a hospital administrator (行政人员) 5. to review a(n) untimely(过早的）death 6. to reprimand (训斥）a disgraced colleague 7. medical consultation (会诊） 8. the melding (combining) of music and medicine 9. a(n) gifted (有天赋的）musician together 12. a time capsule (时光锦囊） 13. a(n) theme (主题）party 14. in the seasonality (季节性）of medical practice 15. the cruelest hoax (戏弄） 16. blossoms (生气盎然）of rebirth 17. child abuse (儿童虐待） 18. to become prevalent (盛行的） 19. domestic violence (家庭暴力） 20. psychiatric (精神病的）symptoms 21. to share similar concerns (忧虑） 22. to approach (treat) music as therapy 23. entertainment (娱乐）value 24. to remove one inner (内心）restlessness 25. to quiet the agitation (anxiety) of ceaseless thinking the reduction of psychophysiologic (心理生理的） stress 27. on a(n) therapeutic (治疗的）level 28. the harried (被烦扰的）left hemisphere 29. the limbic system (大脑边缘系统） 30. pitch and rhythm (节奏） 31. to have alternative (可选择的）plans 32. bodily (physical) health 33. enrichment (充实）of the spirit 34. nostalgic (怀旧的）foray into the music of the 1940s 35. to add balance to one' existence (生存） 36. the harmonies (和声）and rhythms 37. statistically (统计上）significant 38. anniversary (周年纪念日）dinner candles 39. the diagnoses that reek (散发出）frustration 40. the rule out (exclude) fibromyalgia 41. a free-flowing account (叙述）of her symptoms 42. to resort to (诉诸）the last refuge 43. the harried (被烦扰的）physician 44. the wind-driven sleet (雨夹雪） 45. the capricious (变化莫测的）nature of the events 46. the conspiracy (阴谋）of machinery 47. near the edge (边缘）of tolerance 48. to restore equanimity (镇定，平静) 49. a service profession (occupation) 50. poorly articulated (expressed) 51. to succumb to (die of) melanoma 52. bone metastases 转移） 53. to ease (relieve) the loneliness, fear, and emotional suffering 54. to have unrealistic (不切实际的）expectations 55. a(n) attentive (专心的）,understanding ear 56. the currency of the realm (领域里的流行） 57. the medical interview (问诊） 58. to notice my heart pounding (beating) 59. the feel of sweat on one foreheads(前额） 60. a(n) triage (病人鉴别分类）sheet 61. grumbling (饥肠辘辘的）stomach 62. racism and hatred (仇恨） 63. aches (疼痛）and pains 64. billing sheets (账单） 65. primary physician (初级保健医生） 66. to access (use) the computer 67. periodic (定期的）checks 68. to shrug one ' s shoulder耸肩） Unit Four 1. with the advent of (随着 的到来） 2. become laden with (full of) 3. corporate (公司）management 4. to articulate (voice) age-old frustrations 5. forward-thinking and laudable (值得称赞的） concepts 6. preventive interventions (介入） 7. reparative (治疗的）interventions 8. those in pinstripes (商人） 9. conceptual (观念的）constructs 10. ostensibly (obviously) because 11. allied (同行的）health professionals 12. routine (常规的）medical care 13. to carry a(n) connotation (含义）of 14. integral (组成部分的）components 15. to give the advantage of (有利于） 16. to diluting (稀释）identification 17. the recipient (接受者）of medical care 18. to endure (忍受）pain calmly 19. the vernacular (jargon) of managed care 20. more literally (确切地） 21. to provide an impetus (动力）for 22. of a(n) Faustian (浮士德式的）nature 23. society in general (整个社会） 24. to serve a(n) nominative (称谓的）function 25. too obtuse (迟钝的）to declare openly 26. as accurately (精确地）as possible 27. the jargon (vernacular) of managed care 28. in the final analysis (总之） 29. to make a(n) career of (以 为事业） 30. to acquiesce (默许）the shifting currents 31. the timbre (基调）of the debate 32. to stretch (extend) myself toward the model 33. seemly, fitting, and decent (正派的） 34. to increase consistency (一致性）of record keeping 35. to decrease the cost of transcription (抄写） 36. on a(n) whim (一时的兴致） 37. to leaf through (翻阅）records 38. the terse (concise) language 39. between tidy and almost illegible (难以辨认的） 40. a(n) reproducible (可复制的)and less personal format 41. to stir (使激动）and touch me 42. peripheral neuropathy (神经病） 43. a mind jumbled and bruised (被挫伤） 44. with my own slant (观点）on things 45. to scratch one'head (感到困惑） 46. to decipher (decode) what I really meant 47. loopy (潦草的）handwriting 48. hospice (临终关怀）volunteer 49. to make eye contact (眼神交流） 50. behavioral (行为的）disturbance 51. have the right to privacy (隐私） 52. depressive disorder (忧有P症） 53. a(n) concrete (具体存在的）plan 54. to voice (articulate) grievances 55. without discrimination of reprisal (报复） 56. the newspaper obituary (计告） 57. outrageous (不寻常的）acts 58. everyday rebellious (反抗） Unit Five 1. annual (yearly) meeting 2. especially timely (in time) 3. harsh (严厉的）penalty 4. scientific illiteracy (ignorance) 5. unprecedented (前所未有的)financial and policy support 6. the general citizenry (公民） 7. to hold scientists in high regard (respect) 8. the integrity (honesty) and credibility of science 9. a(n) spate of (大量）recent incidents 10. research accomplishments (研究成果） 11. the implications (影响和结果）of scientific discoveries 12. substantial (巨大的）tension 13. religious (宗教的）beliefs 14. embryonic (胚胎的）stem cells 15. scientific advances (进展） 16. a high priority (当务之急，头等大事） 17. a(n) genuine (真诚的）dialogue 18. inappropriate (improper) behavior 19. out of proportion (不成比例）to 20. widely publicized examples (广泛报道的事例） 21. scientific misconduct (不端行为） 22. accusations (指责）of misconduct 23. to tarnish (站污，败坏）the image 24. to diminish (降低）the credibility of 25. the entire scientific enterprise (事业） 26. undisclosed (未披露的）conflicts of interest 27. to overinterpret (夸大其词)scientific facts 28. scientific behavioral norms (规范）and standards 29. allegorically (比喻地）speaking 30. to listen for clues (evidences) of disease 31. to look for signs of pathology (病理） 32. bloodshot (充血的）eyes 33. to no avail (无济于事） 34. blunt chest trauma (创伤） 35. mutual partings of the way (分道扬镳） 36. declared (公然的）and naked hate 37. medicolegal (医学法律的）liabilities 38. in imminent (immediate) danger 39. in the ideal and neutral configuration (处境） 40. to update (更新）him on his condition 41. to order serial radiographs (系列 X 光照相检查） 42. to obtain daily arterial (动脉的）blood gases 43. to follow hematocrits (血细胞比容） 44. a broken, ailing (病态的）,and sorry soul 45. surgical intervention (介入） 46. shell of prejudice (偏见，歧视） 47. intellectual (理智的）isolation 48. to accept consolation (安慰） 49. legend has it (据传说） 50. a(n) inscription (铭文）bearing the words 51. to uncover (reveal) truths 52. odd scraps (零碎）of evidence 53. the paucity (lack) of data 54. gender (sex) roles 55. the combustibility (易怒性）of the interface 56. to steer clear of (avoid) 57. under the unifying framework (框架） 58. human behavioral ecology (生态学） 59. to pursue (explore) similar questions 60. the ethnographic (人种学的）data 61. outdated (obsolete, out-of-date) versions 62. mathematical (数学的）analyses 63. to foster (nurture) dialogue between 64. highly interconnected (互相连接的）cities 65. diverse (distinct, different) areas of research 66. to deliver (传递）an optimistic message Unit Six 1. successive (相继的）generations 2. functionality and versatility (多用途） 3. added (附加的）functionality 4. moral (道德的）standards 5. ethical (伦理的）principles 6. behavioral (行为的）guidelines 7. a long and arduous (艰巨的）evolutionary process 8. social discord (不和谐） 9. to make improvement (改进） 10. remote ancestors (祖先） 11. the evolutionary (进化的）tree 12. solitary (独居的）predators 13. a(n) extended family (大家庭） 14. wandering (居无定所的）bands 15. a(n) embryonic (萌芽期的）Golden Rule 16. the physical environment (物质环境） 17. parental supervision (监护） 18. the practice of monogamy ( 一夫一妻制) 19. verbal symbols (语言符号） 20. ancestral primates (灵长类） 21. Homo sapiens (智人） 22. archaic (古代的）humans 23. in extreme (极端的）cases 24. think in abstractions (抽象） 25. in critically (vitally) important ways 26. to populate (定居）the habitable world 27. formed confederations (同盟）of tribes 28. to multiply explosively (剧增地） 29. on a(n) grander (large) scale 30. trade and commerce (商业） 31. cultural markers (标识） 32. conventions (社会习俗）in dress and manners 33. the basic template (model) 34. kingdoms and empires (帝国） 35. the time frames (时段） 36. at the dawn (拂晓）of a new millennium 37. galloping (飞速的）technological change 38. to facilitate (promote) cooperation 39. fully explored an defined (被定义） 40. our archive (档案）of past experience 41. fore-thinking (超前意识的）imagination 42. a date with immortality (流芳百世） 43. natural riches (resources) 44. common kinship (亲属关系） 45. to have a social dimension (aspect) 46. noble ambitions (抱负） 47. a(n) fiercely (激烈地）competitive world 48. impartial (无偏见的）consideration 49. pretexts and apologias (辩解） 50. the scientific enterprise (事业） 51. to pay particular heed (attention) to 52. social implications (consequences) 53. the scientific endeavor (effort) 54. trust in authority (权威） 55. mores and prejudices (偏见） 56. objective and reliable (可靠的） 57. a(n) stern (strict) restraint 58. communal (collective) will 59. fertility (受孕）clinics 60. to create quite a stir (轰动） 61. a(n) affront (冒犯）to human dignity 62. those on the fringes (极端分子） 63. with credentials and track records (业绩） 64. to pioneer the use of (首先使用) 65. reproductive (生殖的）biology 66. surrogate (代孕）mums 67. adoption (领养）agencies 68. a(n) joJi (刺激）of electricity 69. a(n) staggering (惊人的）97 per cent 70. a(n) reckless (鲁莽的）waste of time and energy 71. miscarriages or abortions (堕胎） 72. sickly of deformed (畸形的） 73. the sole (only) survivor 74. wrong instincts (直觉） Unit Seven 1. the scientific triumphs (accomplishment) 2. the past millennium (千年） 3. to honor (敬重）the origins of science 4. to give grateful (感激的）thanks to 5. a(n) magical (神秘的）view 6. in concrete (具体的）terms 7. rational (理性的）argument 8. a natural mode (pattern) of thought 9. to be beautifully illustrated (举例说明） 10. to have the honor (荣幸）of 11. the opposite angles (对角） 12. the centre of gravity (重心） 13. to arrive at (reach) a proof 14. an elegant rebuttal (反驳） 15. applied (应用）mathematician 16. vigorous (激烈的）debate and discussion of evidence 17. the admiration (赞赏）of one'peers 18. to challenge authority (权威） 19. to point out forcibly (强烈地） 20. debt and credit (借贷） 21. political disputes (争论） 22. social castes (等级） 23. national boundaries (国界） 24. philosophical distinctions (辨另1J) 25. in the philosophy bz_(圈子） 26. a dichotomy or a(n) continuum (连续体） 27. mental constructs (构想） 28. highly abstract (抽象的）things 29. to spill much ink over (花费大量笔墨） 30. autonomous (独立自主的）individuals 31. dress codes 规范） 32. at one'core (核心） 33. the interaction of individuals (个人） 34. primary (基本的）sensations 35. the end of the scale (标度终点） 36. a highly vociferous (激烈的）debate 37. in circles of philosophy (在哲学圈里） 38. be wet blankets (令人扫兴的人）at parties 39. abstruse (深奥的）conditions 40. chemical composition (成分） 41. at the cutting edge (前沿）of science 42. genetically modified (转基因的）crops 43. to make headlines (成为报纸的头条新闻） 44. the influential (有影响的）climate researcher 45. to strike a balance (达到平衡） 46. the justifiability (合理性）of animal experiments 47. celebrity endorsement (support) 48. to make assertions (claims) 49. eminent (著名的）researchers 50. to sign a(n) declaration (宣言） 51. an impressive rejoinder (rebuttal) 52. to trace (追溯）the origins of 53. to engender (produce) trust 54. the imprimatur (recognition) of the scientific academy 55. in the refereed (审阅的）literature 56. lobby groups (游说集团） 57. to place a clear obligation (responsibility) on 58. to substantiate (prove) it with evidence 59. in all probability (很可能地） 60. intellectual authority (权威） 61. to provide invaluable weight (重量）of evidence 15. to be skewed (偏离）by the prism of past experience 42. 62. the reliable (可信的）outcome 63. toxicity (毒性）testing 64. to toss a coin (掷硬币决定） 65. authority figures (权威人士） 66. scientific credibility (可信性） 67. expensive and time-consuming (耗时的） 68. intellectual integrity (honesty) Unit Eight 1. the theory of relatively (相对论） 2. thinking strategies (策略） 3. to illuminate (阐明）nothing 4. the piles of data (成堆的数据） 5. run-of-the-mill (ordinary) physicists 6. extraordinary (非凡的）genius 7. a(n) extraordinarily (异常地）high IQ 8. considerable debate (argument) 9. average (平均的，普通的）intelligence 10. to fixate on (注意力集中于）something 11. the most promising (likely) approach 12. to be arrogantly (傲慢地）certain of 13. to find a needle in a haystack (大海捞针） 14. to be encountered (遇上）a problem 16. to foster rigidity (僵化）of thought 17. superficially (浅薄地）similar 18. to lead the thinker astray (误入歧途） 19. a gene pool (基因库） 20. genetically encoded (编码的）wisdom 21. a rich repertoire (collection) of ideas and concepts 22. to survive and prosper (蓬勃发展） 23. to become stagnant (停滞的） 24. the most distinguished (卓越的）experts 25. to be conditioned (制约的）to think 26. a(n) expert (专家）taxonomist 27. the textbook case (典型例子） 28. analogous (可比拟的）to biological evolution 29. a rich diversity of alternatives and conjectures (假 设） 30. a(n) departure (背离）from reproductive knowledge 31. a(n) prodigious (immense) variety of novel and original ideas 32. a(n) thumbnail (简略的）description 33. to be biased (有偏见的）toward his usual way of seeing things 34. the essence 实质）of the problem 35. to abandon (抛弃）the initial approach 36. a(n) environment-friendly (环保的）fuel 37. to make his thought graphically (通过图表）visible 38. visual and spatial (空间的）abilities 39. immense (huge) productivity 40. the laws of heredity (遗传） 41. to make juxtapositions (并置） to tolerate ambivalence (矛盾心理）between opposites 43. two incompatible (不兼容的）things 44. to perceive resemblance (similarities) 45. to draw a(n) analogy (类比） 46. to render an overwhelming verdict (裁定） 47. a cultural icon (偶像） 48. a rather fuzzy (模糊的）understanding 49. the vastness (浩瀚)of the universe 50. previously held unquestionable (无懈可击的) 51. to cast (投）doubt on 52. the reliability (可靠性）of the investigators conclusions 53. the origin (起源）of genius 54. to yearn for (desire) genius 55. the intermingling (mix) of culture, history, and life experience 56. a history dating back to (追溯到）Plato 57. to think the reverse (相反） 58. to govern (control) all organic life 59. an interacting hierarchy (order) of feedback systems 60. communities and ecosystems (生态系） 61. intellectual intuition (直觉） 62. to face strong opposition (反对） 63. a(n) doctrinal (dogmatic) views Unit Nine 1. of ultimately lawful materialism (唯物论） 2. as concisely (简明地）as possible 3. organizes systematic enterprise (事业） 4. to condense (压缩）the knowledge 5. testable laws and principles (原理） 6. diagnostic (特征的）features 7. confirmed or discarded (rejected) 8. to abstract (抽象化）the information 9. aesthetically (审美地）most pleasing 10. universally (普遍地）accepted scales 11. rendered unambiguous (明确的） 12. proved consistent (一致）with one another 13. ineradicable (根深蒂固的）technical base 14. to satisfy (meet) personal psychological needs 15. to consume (take) large amounts of time 16. to yield (produce) negative or ambiguous results 17. administrative (行政的）duties 18. original (原创性的）research 19. no holds barred (无清规戒律约束） 20. the frontier (前沿）of science 21. a(n) abstracted (抽象化的）world 22. the mother lode (矿脉） 23. to practice elitism (精英主义）without shame 24. to set foot on virgin soil (处女地） 25. interpretation (阐释）and explanation 26. a scattering of icons (偶像） 27. a great deal of bickering (口角，争端) 28. a loose confederation (联邦） 29. petty fiefdoms (封地） 30. to hope for a strike (意外成功） 31. the least conspiratorial (搞阴谋的）of professions 32. the population at large (大众） 33. from generous to predatory (贪婪的） 34. (from) well-adjusted to psychopathic (精神变态的） 35. (from) causal (散漫的）to driven 36. (from) gregarious to reclusive (隐居的） 37. clinically certifiable (可证明） 38. from venal (贪污腐败的）to noble 39. in the temple (殿堂）of science 40. to achieve utilitarian (功利的）ends 41. convincingly validated (verified/proved) 42. to steer (驾驶，航行）for blue water 43. to suffer boredom (单调） 44. under varying (changing) circumstances 45. statistical (统计的）analyses 46. to reject null (无价值的）hypotheses 47. a(n) reputable (声誉好的)peer-reviewed journal 48. to be indissolubly (坚不可摧地）united 49. a(n) whiz-kid (outstanding) professor 50. a(n) obscure (无名气的）journal 51. to stiffen a slightly floppy (weak) argument 52. class or creed (宗教信仰） 53. organized skepticism (怀疑态度） 54. social conventions (习俗） 55. mundane (世俗的）practice 56. publish or perish (死亡） 57. to cite generously and meticulously ( 一丝不苟地) 58. to fudge (捏造）data 59. to vilify (贬低）out opponents 60. personal credibility (可信性） 61. driven, shaped and honed (被磨练） 62. to humbly (谦虚地）accept realities 63. social imperatives (obligations) 64. competitive ambition (desire) 65. a(n) obsolete (out of date) ethos 66. to maximize (最大化）pleasure 67. to minimize (最小化）pain 68. to laud (称赞）a desirable personal characteristic 69. to avoid complacency (自满） 70. to be wired (conditioned) to respond positively 71.