外文原文

　Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer

　Dr. Dobbs MacintoshJournal

　Abstract

　The single-chip microcomputer is the culmination of both the development of the digital computer and the integrated circuit arguably the tow most significant inventions of the 20th century .

　These tow types of architecture are found in single-chip microcomputer. Some employ the split program/data memory of the Harvard architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-1, others follow the philosophy, widely adapted for general-purpose computers and microprocessors, of making no logical distinction between program and data memory as in the Princeton architecture.

　 In general terms a single-chip microcomputer is characterized by the incorporation of all the units of a computer into a single device.

　Keyword: Single-chip Microcomputer ROM RAM Programming Algorithm

　Features

　? Compatible with MCS-51? Products

　? 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

　– Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

　? Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

　? Three-level Program Memory Lock

　? 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

　? 32 Programmable I/O Lines

　? Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

　? Six Interrupt Sources

　? Programmable Serial Channel

　? Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

　Description

　The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The deviceis manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and iscompatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chipFlash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventionalnonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flashon a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which providesa highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bittimer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture,a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logicfor operation down to zero frequency and supports twosoftware selectable power saving modes. The Idle Modestops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters,serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. ThePower-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezesthe oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the nexthardware reset.

　Pin Configurations

　Block Diagram

　Pin Description

　VCC

　Supply voltage.

　GND

　Ground.

　Port 0

　Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As anoutput port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1sare written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedanceinputs.

　Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworderaddress/data bus during accesses to external programand data memory. In this mode P0 has internalpullups.

　Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes during programverification. External pullups are required during program verification.

　Port 1

　Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high bythe internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

　Port 2

　Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pullups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

　Port 3

　Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:

　Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming

　and verification.

　ALE/PROG

　Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

　PSEN

　Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89C51 is executing code from external programmemory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

　EA/VPP

　External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

　XTAL1

　Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

　XTAL2

　Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

　Oscillator Characteristics

　XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

　Idle Mode

　In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution,from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.

　Figure 1. Oscillator Connections

　Figure 2. External Clock Drive Configuration

　Power-down Mode

　In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.

　Program Memory Lock Bits

　On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below.When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched during reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly.

　Programming the Flash

　The AT89C51 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the erased state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The programming interface accepts either a high-voltage (12-volt) or a low-voltage (VCC) program enable signal. The low-voltage programming mode provides a convenient way to program the AT89C51 inside the user’s system, while the high-voltage programming mode is compatible with conventional thirdparty Flash or EPROM programmers. The AT89C51 is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode enabled. The respective top-side marking and device signature codes are listed in the following table.

　The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-bybyte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.

　Programming Algorithm: Before programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figure 3 and Figure 4. To program the AT89C51, take the following steps.

　1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.

　2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.

　3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.

　4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.

　5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms.Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached.

　Data Polling: The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.

　Ready/Busy: The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.

　Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.

　Chip Erase: The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.

　Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows.

　(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel

　(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51

　(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming

　(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming

　Programming Interface

　Every code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is selftimed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion. All major programming vendors offer worldwide support for the Atmel microcontroller series. Please contact your local programming vendor for the appropriate software revision.

　外文资料翻译译文

　单片机基础

　摘要：单片机是电脑和集成电路发展的巅峰，有据可查的是它们也是20世纪最

　意义的两大发明。

　这两种特性在单片机中得到了充分的体现。一些厂家用这两种特性区分程序存储器和数据存储器在硬件中的特性，依据同样的原理广泛的适用于一般目的的电脑和微电脑，一些厂家在程序内存和数据内存之间不区分，像普林斯顿特性。

　关键字：单片机 只读存贮器 随机存取存储器 编程方法

　AT89C51

　主要性能参数：

　与MCS-51产品指令系统完全兼容

　 4K字节可重檫写Flash闪速存储器

　 1000次檫写周期

　 全静态操作：0HZ-24MHZ

　 三级加密程序存储器

　 128*8字节内部RAM

　 32个可编程I/O口线

　2个16位定时/记数器

　6个中断源

　可编程串行UART通道

　低功耗空闲和掉电模式

　功能特性概述：

　AT89C51提供以下标准功能：4K字节Flash闪速存储器，128字节内部RAM，32个I/O口线，两个16位定时/记数器，一个5向量两级中断结构，一个全双工串行通信口，片内振荡器及时钟电路。同时，AT89C51可降至0HZ的静态逻辑操作，并支持两种软件可选的节电工作模式。空闲方式停止CPU的工作，但允许RAM，定时/记数器，串行通信口及中断系统继续工作。掉电方式保存RAM中的内容，但振荡器停止工作直到下一个硬件复位。

　AT89C51是美国ATMEL公司生产的低电压，高性能CMOS8位单片机，片内含4k bytes的可反复擦写的只读程序存储器（PEROM）和128 bytes的随机存取数据存储器（RAM），器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术生产，兼容标准MCS-51指令系统，片内置通用8位中央处理器（CPU）和Flash存储单元，功能强大AT89C51单片机可为您提供许多高性价比的应用场合，可灵活应用于各种控制领域。

　AT89C51方框图

　引脚功能说明

　·Vcc：电源电压

　·GND：地

　·P0 口：P0 口是一组8 位漏极开路型双向I／O 口，也即地址／数据总线复用口。作为输出口用时，每位能吸收电流的方式驱动8个TTL逻辑门电路，对端口写“1”可作为高阻抗输入端用。在访问外部数据存储器或程序存储器时，这组口线分时转换地址（低8位）和数据总线复用，在访问期间激活内部上拉电阻。在FIash编程时，P0口接收指令字节，而在程序校验时，输出指令字节，校验时，要求外接上拉电阻。

　·P1口：P1是一个带内部上拉电阻的8位双向I／O口，P1的输出缓冲级可驱动（吸收或输出电流）4个TTL逻辑门电路。对端口写“1”，通过内部的上拉电阻把端口拉到高电平，此时可作输入口。作输入口使用时，因为内部存在上拉电阻，某个引脚被外部信号拉低时会输出一个电流（IIL）。FIash编程和程序校验期间，P1接收低8位地址。

　·P2口：P2是一个带有内部上拉电阻的8位双向I／O口，P2的输出缓冲级可驱动（吸收或输出电流）4个TTL逻辑门电路。对端口写“1”，通过内部的上拉电阻把端口拉到高电平，此时可作输入口，作输入口使用时，因为内部存在上拉电阻，某个引脚被外部信号拉低时会输出一个电流（IIL）。在访问外部程序存储器或16位地址的外部数据存储器（例如执行MOVX@DPTR指令）时，P2口送出高8位地址数据。在访问8 位地址的外部数据存储器（如执行MOVX@RI 指令）时，P2 口线上的内容（也即特殊功能寄存器（SFR）区中R2寄存器的内容），在整个访问期间不改变。Flash编程或校验时，P2亦接收高位地址和其它控制信号

　·P3口：P3口是一组带有内部上拉电阻的8 位双向I／O 口。P3 口输出缓冲级可驱动（吸收或输出电流）4 个TTL逻辑门电路。对P3 口写入“1”时，它们被内部上拉电阻拉高并可作为输入端口。作输入端时，被外部拉低的P3 口将用上拉电阻输出电流（IIL）。

　P3口除了作为一般的I／O口线外，更重要的用途是它的第二功能，如下表所示：

　P3口还接收一些用于Flash闪速存储器编程和程序校验的控制信号。

　·RST：复位输入。当振荡器工作时，RST引脚出现两个机器周期以上高电平将使单片机复位。

　·ALE／PROG： 当访问外部程序存储器或数据存储器时，ALE（地址锁存允许）输出脉冲用于锁存地址的低8位字节。即使不访问外部存储器，ALE 仍以时钟振荡频率的l／6 输出固定的正脉冲信号，因此它可对外输出时钟或用于定时目的。要注意的是：每当访问外部数据存储器时将跳过一个ALE脉冲。对Flash存储器编程期间，该引脚还用于输入编程脉冲（PROG）。如有必要，可通过对特殊功能寄存器（SFR）区中的8EH单元的DO 位置位，可禁止ALE 操作。该位置位后，只有一条MOVX和MOVC指令ALE才会被激活。此外，该引脚会被微弱拉高，单片机执行外部程序时，应设置ALE无效。

　·PSEN：程序储存允许（PSEN）输出是外部程序存储器的读选通信号，当AT89C51 由外部程序存储器取指令（或数据）时，每个机器周期两次PSEN有效，即输出两个脉冲。在此期间，当访问外部数据存储器，这两次有效的PSEN信号出现。

　·EA／VPP：外部访问允许。欲使CPU仅访问外部程序存储器（地址为0000H—FFFFH），EA端必须保持低电平（接地）。需注意的是：如果加密位LB1被编程，复位时内部会锁存EA端状态。如EA端为高电平（接VCC端），CPU则执行内部程序存储器中的指令。Flash存储器编程时，该引脚加上+12V的编程允许电源Vpp，当然这必须是该器件是使用12V编程电压Vpp。

　·XTAL1：振荡器反相放大器的及内部时钟发生器的输入端。

　·XTAL2：振荡器反相放大器的输出端。

　·时钟振荡器：

　AT89C5l 中有一个用于构成内部振荡器的高增益反相放大器，引脚XTAL1 和XTAL2 分别是该放大器的输入端和输出端。这个放大器与作为反馈元件的片外石英晶体或陶瓷谐振器一起构成自激振荡器，振荡电路参见图5。外接石英晶体（或陶瓷谐振器）及电容C1、C2接在放大器的反馈回路中构成并联振荡电路。对外接电容C1、C2虽然没有十分严格的要求，但电容容量的大小会轻微影响振荡频率的高低、振荡器工作的稳定性、起振的难易程序及温度稳定性，如果使用石英晶体，我们推荐电容使用30pF±10pF，而如使用陶瓷谐振器建议选择40pF±10F。用户也可以采用外部时钟。采用外部时钟的电路如图5右图所示。这种情况下，外部时钟脉冲接到XTAL1端，即内部时钟发生器的输入端，XTAL2则悬空。

　图1

　石英晶体时：C1，C2＝30pF±10pF

　陶瓷滤波器：C1，C2＝40pF±10pF

　内部振荡电路

　图2

　外部时钟驱动电路

　由于外部时钟信号是通过一个2分频触发器后作为内部时钟信号的，所以对外部时钟信号的占空比没有特殊要求，但最小高电平持续时间和最大的低电平持续时间应符合产品技术条件的要求。

　·空闲节电模式：

　AT89C51 有两种可用软件编程的省电模式，它们是空闲模式和掉电工作模式。这两种方式是控制专用寄存器PCON（即电源控制寄存器）中的PD（PCON.1）和IDL（PCON.0）位来实现的。PD 是掉电模式，当PD=1 时，激活掉电工作模式，单片机进入掉电工作状态。IDL是空闲等待方式，当IDL=1，激活空闲工作模式，单片机进入睡眠状态。如需同时进入两种工作模式，即PD和IDL同时为1，则先激活掉电模式。在空闲工作模式状态，CPU保持睡眠状态而所有片内的外设仍保持激活状态，这种方式由软件产生。此时，片内RAM和所有特殊功能寄存器的内容保持不变。空闲模式可由任何允许的中断请求或硬件复位终止。终止空闲工作模式的方法有两种，其一是任何一条被允许中断的事件被激活，IDL（PCON.0）被硬件清除，即刻终止空闲工作模式。程序会首先响应中断，进入中断服务程序，执行完中断服务程序并紧随RETI（中断返回）指令后，下一条要执行的指令就是使单片机进入空闲模式那条指令后面的一条指令。其二是通过硬件复位也可将空闲工作模式终止。需要注意的是，当由硬件复位来终止空闲工作模式时，CPU 通常是从激活空闲模式那条指令的下一条指令开始继续执行程序的，要完成内部复位操作，硬件复位脉冲要保持两个机器周期（24个时钟周期）有效，在这种情况下，内部禁止CPU访问片内RAM，而允许访问其它端口。为了避免可能对端口产生意外写入，激活空闲模式的那条指令后一条指令不应是一条对端口或外部存储器的写入指令。

　·掉电模式：

　在掉电模式下，振荡器停止工作，进入掉电模式的指令是最后一条被执行的指令，片内RAM 和特殊功能寄存器的内容在终止掉电模式前被冻结。退出掉电模式的唯一方法是硬件复位，复位后将重新定义全部特殊功能寄存器但不改变RAM中的内容，在Vcc恢复到正常工作电平前，复位应无效，且必须保持一定时间以使振荡器重启动并稳定工作。

　·程序存储器的加密：

　AT89C51 可使用对芯片上的3 个加密位LB1、LB2、LB3 进行编程（P）或不编程（U）来得到如下表所示的功能加密位保护功能表：

　当加密位LB1 被编程时，在复位期间，EA端的逻辑电平被采样并锁存，如果单片机上电后一直没有复位，则锁存起的初始值是一个随机数，且这个随机数会一直保存到真正复位为止。为使单片机能正常工作，被锁存的EA 电平值必须与该引脚当前的逻辑电平一致。此外，加密位只能通过整片擦除的方法清除。

　·Flash闪速存储器的编程：

　AT89C51 单片机内部有4k 字节的Flash PEROM，这个Flash 存储阵列出厂时已处于擦除状态（即所有存储单元的内容均为FFH），用户随时可对其进行编程。编程接口可接收高电压（+12V）或低电压（Vcc）的允许编程信号。低电压编程模式适合于用户在线编程系统，而高电压编程模式可与通用EPROM编程器兼容。AT89C51单片机中，有些属于低电压编程方式，而有些则是高电压编程方式，用户可从芯片上的型号和读取芯片内的名字节获得该信息，见下表。

　AT89C51的程序存储器阵列是采用字节写入方式编程的，每次写入一个字节，要对整个芯片内的PEROM程序存储器写入一个非空字节，必须使用片擦除的方式将整个存储器的内容清除。

　·编程方法：

　编程前，须按表6和图6所示设置好地址、数据及控制信号。编程单元的地址加在P1口和P2口的P2.0－P2.3（11位地址范围为0000H－0FFFH），数据从P0口输入，引脚P2.6、P2.7和P3.6、P3.7的电平设置见表6，PSEN为低电平，RST保持高电平，EA／Vpp 引脚是编程电源的输入端，按要求加上编程电压，ALE／PROG引脚输入编程脉冲（负脉冲）。编程时，可采用4－20MHz的时钟振荡器，AT89C51编程方法如下：

　1．在地址线上加上要编程单元的地址信号。

　2．在数据线上加上要写入的数据字节。

　3．激活相应的控制信号。

　4．在高电压编程方式时，将EA／Vpp端加上+12V编程电压。

　5．每对Flash存储阵列写入一个字节或每写入一个程序加密位，加上一个ALE／PROG编程脉冲。改变编程单元的地址和写入的数据，重复1—5步骤，直到全部文件编程结束。每个字节写入周期是自身定时的，通常约为1.5ms。

　·数据查询：

　AT89C51单片机用数据查询方式来检测一个写周期是否结束，在一个写周期中，如需读取最后写入的那个字节，则读出的数据的最高位（P0.7）是原来写入字节最高位的反码。写周期完成后，有效的数据就会出现在所有输出端上，此时，可进入下一个字节的写周期，写周期开始后，可在任意时刻进行数据查询。

　·Ready／Busy：字节编程的进度可通过RDY／BSY输出信号监测，编程期间，ALE变为高电平“H”后P3.4（RDY／BSY）端电平被拉低，表示正在编程状态（忙状态）。编程完成后，P3.4变为高电平表示准备就绪状态。

　·程序校验：如果加密位LB1、LB2没有进行编程，则代码数据可通过地址和数据线读回原编写的数据，采用下图的电路，程序存储器的地址由P1 和P2 口的P2.0－P2.3输入，数据由P0口读出，P2.6、P2.7和P3.6、P3.7的控制信号见表，PSEN保持低电平，ALE、EA和RST保持高电平。校验时，P0口须接上10k左右的上拉电阻。

　Flash 存储器编程真值表

　注：片擦除操作时要求PROG脉冲宽度为10ms

　编程电路

　校验电路

　·AT89C51的极限工作参数

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